en Endocrine Physiology/Pharmacology Endocrine Physiology/Pharmacology Review Review <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12px;">Glucocorticoids are widely employed for treating various disorders, but their administration is associated with multiple adverse effects. To study and understand these side effects, preclinical animal models have been developed. Experimental models that replicate essential aspects of human diseases offer valuable tools for assessing potential therapeutic agents and elucidating molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. In this review, we provide an overview of various animal models in which glucocorticoids have been utilized to induce humanlike disorders across different body systems. These disorders encompass hypertension, skin atrophy, hair loss, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, gastric mucosal damage, growth retardation, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, depression-like behavior, glaucoma, and cataracts.</span></span></p> Animal Experimentation, Glucocorticoid, Mice, Model, Rat 211 233 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-13-1764-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Azadeh Mesripour a_mesripour@pharm.mui.ac.ir 3200319475328460034270 0000000331505581 No Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mansooreh Asghari-Varzaneh mnfa2asghari@gmail.com 3200319475328460034271 0000000294218769 No Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Leila Safaeian leila_safaeian@pharm.mui.ac.ir 3200319475328460034272 0000000278113406 Yes Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran