@article{ author = {Niknejad, Hassan and Yazdanpanah, Ghasem and Kakavand, Mona and Lavaie, Yasam}, title = {Low pH preconditioned amniotic epithelial cells for stem cell therapy of cancer}, abstract ={Amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) possess unique characteristics, which make them a suitable source for cell-based therapeutic strategies. AECs have stem cell properties with low-immunogenicity (due to expressing HLA-G molecule and absence of MHC class I and II antigens) and no ethical problems, as well as availability in sufficient numbers, which can be obtained from a placenta. We have recently shown that the AECs have anti-cancer properties due to inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest probably through inhibition of HSP90. Since the viability of AECs must be improved after in vivo administration in acidic microenvironment of tumor, we clarify here that low pH preconditioning of AECs would lead to more survival of implanted cells in tumor site as well as improved functional outcomes.}, Keywords = {Amniotic membrane, Epithelial cells, Preconditioning, Cancer, Stem cell therapy.}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1148-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1148-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Salari, Sajjad and Bagheri, Maryam}, title = {A Review of Animal Models of Alzheimer\'s Disease: a brief insight to Pharmacologic and genetic models}, abstract ={Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorders. Memory loss in an alert person and impairment in the function of language, attention, perception, judgment or problem solving can occur in patients with AD. However, there are some medications in order to delay the debilitating aspects of the disease; but unfortunately, scientists could not found approaches to cure this progressive problem. Hence, in order to investigate the exact mechanisms underlying the disease and to discover novel drugs that can slow the progress or alleviate the clinical symptoms of AD, producing a model which can express the most pathophysiologic and behavioral features of the disease is a desire. Nowadays, there are different animal models developed by use of pharmacologic agents and/or genetic manipulations. In this paper, we aimed to describe different animal models of AD, genetic and pharmacologic, that are mostly used by researchers.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer\'s disease, Animal model, Pharmacologic model, Genetic model}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-11}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1156-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1156-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Hassanzadeh, Parichehr and Arbabi, Elham and Atyabi, Fatemeh and Dinarvand, Rassoul}, title = {Carbon nanotube-anandamide complex exhibits sustained protective effects in an in vitro model of stroke}, abstract ={Introduction: The therapeutic potential of anandamide (AEA) for the neurological disorders may be negatively affected by its short half-life or poor solubility. The superior properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for controlled drug delivery, prompted us to design AEA-CNTs complex and assess its effect in in vitro model of ischemic stroke. Methods: In this experimental study, a multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs)-AEA complex was prepared using amino-functionalized COOH-MWCNTs and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. PC12 cells in the presence of AEA (0.5, 1, 2 μg/ml), acid- or amine-modified MWCNTs, or MWCNTs-AEA complex (2, 5, 8 μg/ml) were exposed to 1 and 3 h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 24 h re-oxygenation. In vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated using three-way ANOVA. Results: AEA immobilization on the aminated MWCNTs was confirmed. OGD significantly reduced cell viability (P<0.001). After 3 h of OGD induction, COOH-MWCNTs showed higher cytotoxicity than other MWCNTs (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001) and MWCNTs-AEA was more protective than AEA alone (P<0.05, P<0.01). OGD increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.001). Following 1-h OGD, AEA dose-dependently reduced MDA (P<0.001), and elevated GSH (P<0.05, P<0.01) and SOD (P<0.05, P<0.01), but AEA was ineffective following 3-h OGD (P>0.05). MWCNTs-AEA complex was effective at both time points (MDA and GSH: P<0.01, P<0.001, SOD: P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). This nanostructure was more effective than AEA following longer exposure periods to OGD insult (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). Conclusion: Aminated MWCNTs are suitable carriers for AEA and provide longer- lasting effects against OGD insult.}, Keywords = {Anandamide, Carbon nanotubes, Ischemic stroke, Oxidative stress}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-23}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1155-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1155-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Khodsooz, Sedigheh and Moshtaghian, Jamal and Eivani, Mehdi}, title = {Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system leading to increased blood glucose concentration in the patients. As a basic treatment for managing the blood glucose level, insulin or hypoglycemic medications are used but herbal medicines are more favored. The design of this research project was to study the therapeutic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis (HEMO) in diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar male rats weighing 220±25 grams were distributed semi-randomly into five groups of five each. Group 1 and 2 was respectively the control and diabetic animals. Group 3, 4 and 5 were the diabetic animals treated with HEMO either at 20, 100 or 500 mg/Kg of body weight. To induce diabetic rat models, each animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at the dose of 120 mg/Kg. All treatments with HEMO performed daily via gavage for a period of 4 weeks. Then, blood samples were collected from all animals to measure the blood glucose level, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL. Results: The results of this study indicated significant (P<0.05) decreases in blood sugar level, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in diabetic rats treated with HEMO. In addition, significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL level was observed in HEMO treated diabetic rats compared with the non-treated ones. Conclusion: HEMO has significant effects on attenuating the blood sugar level, serum lipids and lipoproteins levels, whereas it improves the HDL level. These effect might be attributed to the antioxidant benefits of flavonoids which are present in HEMO.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Hydroalcoholic Extract, Melissa Officinalis, Alloxan ,Rat}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-30}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1138-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1138-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Khazdair, Mohammad Reza and Mohebbati, Reza and Karimi, Sareh and Abbasnezhad, Abbasali and Haghshenas, Mil}, title = {The protective effects of Curcuma longa extract on oxidative stress markers in the liver induced by Adriamycin in rat}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Curcuma longa (C. longa) extract on Adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Methods: Animals were divided in six groups: Control (CO), Adriamycin (ADR), Adriamycin with Vitamin C (ADR+VitC), Vitamin C (Vit C), C. longa with Adriamycin (CL+ADR) and without Adriamycin (CL-ADR). Hepatotoxicity was induced by Adriamycin 5mg/kg and rats were treated with C. longa 1000 mg/kg and Vitamin C 100 mg/kg , per day, orally for 4 weeks. Results: In the liver tissue of ADR group, Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level was increased significantly compared to CO group, (p < 0.05). MDA level in the treatment groups, Vit C, CL+ADR and CL-ADR were increased significantly compared to ADR group (p < 0.05, for all three groups), and compared to ADR+VitC group (p < 0.01). Thiol level in ADR, ADR+VitC and CL+ADR groups were decreased compared to CO group (p < 0.001), and also thiol level in CL-ADR and Vit C were increased significantly compared to ADR group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The activity of catalase in liver tissue in ADR group was lower compared to CO group (p < 0.01), though was increased in CL-ADR, ADR+VitC and Vit C groups in comparison with ADR group (p<0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that chronic administration of C. longa hydroalcoholic extract in Adriamycin-induced hepatotoxic rats could decrease the oxidative stress injuries in the liver tissue.}, Keywords = {Adriamycin, Curcuma longa, Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Hydroalcoholic extract, Rat}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-37}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1149-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1149-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Pourmir, Maryam and Babaei, Parvin and SoltaniTehrani, Bahram}, title = {Kisspeptin-13 ameliorates memory impairment induced by streptozotocin in male rats via cholinergic system}, abstract ={Introduction: Kisspeptin-13 (KP-13) is a novel endogenous factor, increases synaptic transmission and is involved in several behavioral functions such as anxiety, locomotion, epilepsy and avoidance learning. However, the role of this peptide on cognition has not been well clarified yet. Here we studied the effect of kisspeptin-13 pretreatment on spatial learning and also interaction with cholinergic and adrenergic systems. Methods: Eighty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups: saline + saline; saline + STZ; KP-13 + STZ; propranolol + STZ; prazosin + STZ; atropine + STZ; saline + KP-13 + STZ; propranolol + KP-13 + STZ; prazosin + KP-13 + STZ; atropine + KP-13+ STZ. Streptozotocin (STZ) (3mg/Kg) was administrated intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v), kisspeptin-13 was infused (1μg/2μl, i.c.v) 30 minutes before STZ and antagonists were infused (i.p) 30 minutes before kisspeptin-13. Memory performance was measured 14 days after STZ injection using Morris Water Maze (MWM) consisting of 4 blocks and one probe tests. Results: Pretreatment with kisspeptin-13 ameliorated acquisition (p = 0.001) and retrieval of memory impaired by STZ (P = 0.011). Moreover, we found that injection of atropine, but not propranolol or prazocin was able to reverse the memory enhancement caused by kisspeptin-13 (P = 0.037). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that facilitatory action of kisspeptin-13 on the spatial learning and memory in STZ-induced Alzheimer’s is mediated, at least in part, through cholinergic systems.}, Keywords = {Key words: kispeptin, Spatial memory, Adrenergic system, Cholinergic system, Streptozotocin}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {38-47}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1157-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1157-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghadrdan, Elliyeh and Najafi, Moslem and MikailyMirak, Sevda and Eteraf-Oskouei, Tahereh}, title = {Inhibitory effects of oxytocin on the inflammatory parameters and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the rat air pouch model of inflammation}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oxytocin on the angiogenesis and inflammatory parameters in air pouch model of inflammation. Methods: Inflammation was induced by injection of carrageenan into pouches in male Wistar rats. Oxytocin (4.25, 8.5 and 17 μg) was administered intra pouch at the same time as the carrageenan and then for 2 consecutive days. After 72 h, the pouches fluid was collected to determine exudates volume, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1ß) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations. Then, the pouches were dissected out, weighed and the hemoglobin concentration was assessed. Results: All three doses of oxytocin (4.25, 8.5 and 17 μg) significantly decreased volume of exudates (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) while leukocyte accumulation in the pouch fluid was diminished by 8.5 and 17 μg oxytocin. The granulation tissue weight was also markedly reduced in comparison with the control group. A significant reduction in the angiogenesis rate in oxytocin-treated rats by all doses was seen. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the effect of oxytocin and diclofenac on the inhibition of angiogenesis, VEGF concentration and inflammatory parameters except leukocyte accumulation. In addition, administration of oxytocin (17 μg/pouch) significantly decreased IL-1ß level (47%) compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oxytocin has an anti-inflammatory effect and inhibits cell influx and exudation to the site of the inflammatory response. The anti-angiogenesis effect of oxytocin may be related to the local inhibition of VEGF levels as similarly shown by diclofenac.}, Keywords = {Oxytocin, Air Pouch, Inflammation, VEGF, Angiogenesis}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {48-56}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1131-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1131-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mard, Seyyed Ali and Godarzinejad, Hajar and Dianat, Mahi}, title = {Duodenal acidification stimulates gastric H2S release through upregulating mRNA expression of cystathionine gamma lyase}, abstract ={Introduction: It has been reported the alkaline response of pancreas to duodenal acidification is partly mediated through duodenal release of H2S, but till now the effect of duodenal acidification on gastric H2S release has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study designed to evaluate the effects of duodenal acidification on gastric H2S release and level of mRNA expression of cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE). Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (8 in each). They were control, pH2-, and pH3-treated groups. Under anesthesia, animals underwent midline laparotomy. Neutral isotonic saline or acidic isotonic solutions (pH=2 or 3) were injected in the duodenum 1 cm just below the pyloric sphincter. Ninety minutes after beginning the experiment, animals were sacrificed, stomachs ligated at lower esophageal sphincter and 2 ml saline infused in the stomach through pylorus and then gastric content was drained for measuring the pH. Two samples of gastric mucosal tissue were quickly snap-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen for measuring the mucosal H2S concentration using ELISA kit and quantifying the mRNA expression of CSE by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Duodenal acidification with acidic solution (pH=2) increased the gastric release of H2S and upregulated mRNA expression of CSE in gastric mucosa. The gastric mucous content was significantly increased in response to duodenal application of acidic solutions with pH2 and 3. Conclusion: Our findings indicated the stimulatory effect of duodenal acidification on gastric H2S release and mucous content is mediated through upregulation of CSE mRNA expression.}, Keywords = {Duodenal acidification, Cystathionine gamma lyase, H2S}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1159-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1159-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Bakhtiari, Nuredi}, title = {Isolation and optimization of mice skeletal muscle satellite cells using preplating method and culture media substitution}, abstract ={Introduction: Satellite cells are known as the main regenerative cell type in skeletal muscles. Our study established a modified digestion and preplating method for the isolation of slow or weak adherent cells for the enrichment of satellite cells. Low-survival rate of these primary stem cells prompted us to address whether cell culture medium substitution might change cell viability status. Methods: Skeletal muscle from 10-day-NMRI mice was gently isolated, dissected and digested by collagenase type I, IV and dispases. The isolated cells were verified by cellular (immunocytochemistry and flow-cytometry) and molecular (real-time PCR) techniques and the results were compared with sub-cultured cells (non-preplated cells) to determine the efficiency of preplating technique as a common isolating procedure of satellite cells. All data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and One Away ANOVA test. Results: The isolated cells exhibited a close gene expression pattern with satellite cells for self-renewal and fusion phases. The findings revealed that Pax7 as a self-renewal marker was expressed ~ 201.4 times higher than sub-cultured-group. Moreover, the findings obviously indicated that substitution of α-MEM to DMEM cell culture medium improves the survival rates of the cells. Conclusion: Our results recommend that preplating technique is a useful procedure for the isolation of satellite cells. In addition, it seems that substitution of culture medium paves the way for investigators to seek various therapeutic methods for skeletal muscle-related disorders such as skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sarcopenia, diabetes and aging.}, Keywords = {Skeletal Muscle, Satellite cells, Preplate technique, PAX7.}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1144-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1144-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sebastian, Stephy and Puranik, Nagaraj}, title = {Recent concepts about sense of smell, odorant receptors and physiology of olfaction- an insight}, abstract ={The sense of olfaction reached its zenith in development much earlier than other special senses. Olfaction is much more acute than the other senses, exhibits both high sensitivity for odours and high discrimination between them. This plays a very important role even in the social and behavioral aspects of human beings. Recent studies using molecular genetics, electrophysiology and behavioral analysis have elucidated the mechanism, connectivity and functions of olfaction in different organisms. This review is a general topic of interest and discusses the recent advancements regarding the chemical nature of human olfactory receptors, mechanism of olfactory transduction, nomenclature and families of olfactory receptors, olfactory coding, smell discrimination in different animals and olfactory memory.}, Keywords = {Olfaction, Odorant receptors, Olfactory memory, Olfactory coding, Smell discrimination in different animals}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {74-82}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1167-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1167-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {AbediKichi, Zahra and Khani-Habibabadi, Fatemeh and Sahraian, Mohammadali and Doosti, Rosita and Behmanesh, Mehr}, title = {Association of two polymorphisms in MSH2 and XRCC1 genes with multiple sclerosis in Iranian population}, abstract ={Introduction: To protect genomes of all organisms from internal and external damages and maintain the genome integrity and the continuity of life, repair system has been developed in all living cells. Defects in repair system are responsible for various kinds of disease including cancers and neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple sclerosis (MS). The relationship between various components of the repair system and MS has been confirmed by investigations on separate cohorts in independent research. The main aim of this study was to discover the genetic association of two functional polymorphisms of rs1799782 in XRCC1 and rs2303425 in MSH2 genes as the key players in DNA repair system; with MS. Methods: The genotypes of 105 MS patients and 102 age and sex matched healthy controls for these polymorphisms were determined by a PCR-RFLP technique. Results: Genotype and allele frequencies of rs1799782 in patients with MS compared to the control group demonstrated a significant difference and a possible role for this polymorphism in MS pathogenesis (P value (0.02) and OR (3.4)). The rs2303425 polymorphism showed no significant correlation (P value = 0.41 and OR=1.5) with the risk of MS in Iranian population. Conclusion: Our results suggest a possible role for repair system genes and their significance in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.}, Keywords = {DNA repair, Multiple Sclerosis, Association study, XRCC1, MSH2}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-89}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1179-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1179-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Choudhary, Prema Ram and DJani, Rameshchandr}, title = {Study of pulmonary functions in patients with metabolic syndrome}, abstract ={Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and impaired lung functions have been associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the pulmonary functions in patients with MetS. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 200 subjects with MetS in the study group and 100 subjects without MetS in the control group. Participants were examined at M.P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, India between 2013 to 2016. MetS was assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s-Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria. Pulmonary function, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile levels were measured and homeostatic model assessment was used to assess insulin resistance. Pulmonary function and components of MetS were examined using independent Student's t-test, analysis of variance and chi-square test. Results: The overall prevalence of pulmonary functions impairment in patients with MetS was 50% with high prevalence of restrictive ventilatory patterns (33%). Insulin resistance was significantly (P<0.001) higher in the study group than in control group, while pulmonary functions variables of study group were significantly (P<0.001) lower than those of control group. There were significant differences in the body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, and insulin resistance (P<0.05) between ventilatory pattern of subgroups. Conclusion: We found that components of MetS and insulin resistance were significantly related to the impairment of pulmonary function. Therefore present study suggests that increased components of MetS and insulin resistance are risk factors for decline pulmonary functions in subjects with MetS.}, Keywords = {Metabolic syndrome, Pulmonary functions, Insulin resistance, Prevalence}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {90-97}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1170-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1170-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Daryani, Sharareh and Farzaei, Alireza and Hosseinmardi, Narges and Bahrami, Farideh and Janahmadi, Mahyar}, title = {Minocycline did not prevent the neurotoxic effects of amyloid β on intrinsic electrophysiological properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Although aging is the most important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is evidence indicating that neuroinflammation may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Several studies indicated that minocycline may exert neuroprotective effects in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, there are also other studies implying that minocycline has no positive beneficial effects. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the preventive effect of minocycline against Aβ-induced changes in intrinsic electrophysiological properties in a rat model of AD. Methods: The present study extended this line of research by examining whether inhibition of microglial activation may alter the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of Aβ neurotoxicity, using whole cell patch clamp. Results: Findings showed that bilateral injection of the Aβ (1-42) into the prefrontal cortex caused membrane hyperpolarization, action potential (AP) narrowing and after hyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude enhancement. It was also resulted in a faster decay time of AP, higher rheobase current, lower firing frequency and smaller post stimulus AHP amplitude. Administration of minocycline (45mg/kg, i.p) not only failed to prevent Aβ-induced alterations in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties, but also enhanced the effects of Aβ on neuronal firing behavior. Conclusion: It can be concluded that minocycline, as a microglial inhibitor, may enhance the disruption of electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons induced by Aβ neurotoxin, including AP parameters and intrinsic neuronal excitability.}, Keywords = {Amyloid Beta (Aβ), Neurotoxicity, Minocycline, Microglial Cells, CA1 Pyramidal Neurons, Intrinsic properties}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {98-107}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1168-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1168-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Abdolkarim and Mirazi, Naser and Gomar, Ali}, title = {Protective effect of ginger against the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold model in streptozocin treated-diabetic mice}, abstract ={Introduction: There is evidence that diabetes affects seizure susceptibility. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) which is used in traditional medicine has antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seizure threshold induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in diabetic mice after induction of diabetes with streptozocin and to examine the possible role of ginger extract in this manner. Methods: The anticonvulsant effect of ginger was investigated using i.v. PTZ-induced seizure models in non-diabetic and diabetic mice. Different doses of the hydroethanolic extract of ginger (50 and 100 mg/kg; i.p.) were administered daily for 2 weeks before PTZ challenge. The effect of ginger on the appearance of three separate seizure endpoints e.g. myoclonic, generalized clonic, and tonic extension phase were recorded. Results: The results showed that the ginger extract has anticonvulsant effects in the experimental model of seizure tested as it significantly increased the seizure threshold. Diabetic animal’s shows high blood glucose level and lower seizure threshold compared with non-diabetic control animals. Hydroethanolic extract of ginger significantly increased the onset time of myoclonic seizure (p<0.001) and significantly prevented generalized clonic (p<0.001) and forelimb tonic extension (p<0.001) seizure induced by PTZ in both non-diabetic and diabetic animals compared with control group. Conclusion: Based on the results, the hydroethanolic extract of ginger has anticonvulsant effects in diabetic mice, possibly through hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant mechanisms, and oxidative stress inhibition.}, Keywords = {Seizure, Ginger, Diabetes, PTZ, Mice}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {108-116}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1178-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1178-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Samandari-Bahraseman, Mohammad Rasoul and Sarhadi, Solmaz and Esmaeili-Mahani, Saee}, title = {Artemether effect and its interaction with vincristine and doxorubicin on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells}, abstract ={Introduction: For thousands of years, plants have been used as the main source of drug worldwide. Recently, it has been found out that the plant Artemisia annua and especially its derivatives such as artemether have anticancer properties. Methods: In this study, the anticancer effect of artemether on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was examined. MTT assay was used to assess the viability of cancer cells. Results: The data showed that artemether (100-300 nM) resulted in MCF-7 growth inhibition. Artemether plus vincristine or doxorubicin compared to each drug alone showed significant cytotoxic effects. Over 50 percent of cells were killed in combination of non-effective doses of artemether and doxorubicin (50 and 160 nM, respectively). Conclusion: Taken together, the combined therapy of artemether and anticancer drugs would be a promising strategy for breast cancer but the effectiveness of such combination therapy needs to be verified by experimental and clinical investigations.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, Artemether, Cell viability, Chemotherapy}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {117-121}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1162-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1162-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Khakpay, Roghaieh and Azaddar, Maryam and Khakpay, Fatemeh}, title = {The antinociceptive effect of 17β-estradiol in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis of male rats may be mediated by the NMDA receptors}, abstract ={Introduction: The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. The neurostreoid, 17β-estradiol found in the PGi nucleus and modulates nociception by binding to estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with NMDA receptors. In this study, the role of NMDA receptors in the 17β-estradiol-induced pain modulation was investigated by assessing the inflammatory pain responses changes after blockade of the LPGi nucleus’ NMDA receptors.  Methods: In order to study the antinociceptive effect of intra-LPGi microinjection of 17β-estradiol, a guide cannula was implanted into the right LPGi nucleus. 500 nl of drugs were administered 15 minutes prior to formalin (50 μl of 4%) injection. Then, formalin-induced paw jerking behaviour was recorded for 60 min. For assessing the role of the NMDA receptors in the pain modulation by 17β-estradiol, it was injected 15 min after the intra-LPGi administration of 0.5 nmol of AP5 (the NMDA receptor antagonist); and paw jerking frequency was recorded for 1 h. Results: The results of the present study showed that intra-LPGi injection of 0.8 μmol of 17β-estradiol attenuated the chronic phase (P<0.001) of paw jerking behaviour. AP5 significantly reduced the antinociceptive effect of intra-LPGi 17β-estradiol both in the acute (P<0.001) and in the chronic phase (P<0.001) of formalin test. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the analgesic effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol on the formalin-induced inflammatory pain might be mediated via NMDA receptors.}, Keywords = {17β-Estradiol, Paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus, NMDA receptor, Pain}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {122-129}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1161-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1161-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Memar, Mohammad Yousef and Pormehrali, Rahman and Alizadeh, Nasser and Ghotaslou, Reza and BannazadehBaghi, Hossei}, title = {Colistin, an option for treatment of multiple drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, abstract ={Introduction: Multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa is constantly increasing and causing severe issues in combatting widely spread health problems. The aim of this study was to assess colistin susceptibility in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from different infection sites. Methods: Ninety clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different hospitals of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. All isolates were identified using standard microbiology tests. The disk diffusion susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Antibiotic disks used in this study included ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin, aztreonam, and colistin. The MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of colistin was determined by the agar dilution method according to CLSI guidelines. Results: MDR isolates were found in 75.6%, in which there was a high frequency in wound specimens (23.3%), followed by blood (17.8%), urine (15.6%), trachea (13.3%), and peritoneum (5.6%). High resistance rate (above 50%) was observed with piperacillin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin. All isolates were found to be susceptible to colistin through the disk diffusion method; however, two isolates were non-susceptible in the agar dilution method. Conclusion: The present study shows a high frequency of MDR P. aeruginosa in our subjects, the limitations of empirical therapy, and the need for susceptibility testing. The most effective antibiotic against MDR P. aeruginosa was colistin. Therefore, colistin may be an alternative antimicrobial agent for infections due to MDR P. aeruginosa.}, Keywords = {Colistin, Multi-drug resistant, P.aeruginosa }, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {130-136}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1152-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1152-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Arifuddin, Mehnaaz Sameera and Hazari, Mohammed Abdul H}, title = {Does anthropometric measurements correlate with hematological parameters after the adolescent growth period?}, abstract ={Introduction: Musculoskeletal growth is variable during adolescent period and reaches its maximum by 18 years, whereas hemopoietic parameters reach adult values by 15 years. After adolescence period, the blood parameters may vary with nutrition and built of the individual. The purpose of this study was to find out any correlation between anthropometric and hematological parameters after the adolescent growth period. Methods: Total of 81 subjects (males: 20; females: 61), 18-22 years were analyzed for 4 anthropometric measures and 19 hematological markers. Blood was collected in citrate tubes and analyzed for hematological parameters. Results: Difference between BMI sub-groups with respect to hemoglobin (Hb), red cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and red cell distribution width-coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) in males and females was not significant. In males, height showed negative correlation with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and weight showed positive correlation with hematocrit. BMI positively correlated with Hb. Body surface area (BSA) correlated with red blood cell count (RBC) and hematocrit. In females, height, weight and BSA did not show significant correlation with any of the blood parameters. BMI correlated positively with mid-cell fraction and negatively with mean platelet volume. RDW-SD and RDW-CV did not reveal any statistically significant correlation with height, weight, BMI and BSA in both males and females. Conclusion: In male subjects, hemoglobin concentration positively correlated with BMI whereas RBC count and hematocrit correlated with BSA. In females no such association was noted. RDW did not show any correlation with anthropometric measures in both genders.}, Keywords = {BMI, Body surface area, Hematological parameters, RDW, Anthropometry}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {137-146}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1166-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1166-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Shamseddin and Parvini, Ne}, title = {Morphine-induced analgesic tolerance is associated with alteration of protein kinase Cγ and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 genes expression in rat lumbosacral cord and midbrain}, abstract ={Introduction: Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) are involved in sensitization/desensitization to noxious stimuli. We aimed to examine the gene expression levels of TRPV1 and PKCγ in rat lumbosacral cord and midbrain on days 1, 4 and 8 of induction of morphine analgesic tolerance. Methods: Two groups of male Wistar rats received twice daily saline (1 ml/kg) or morphine (10 mg/kg) for eight days and were monitored for analgesic tolerance with a hotplate test on days 1, 4 and 8 of the injections. Six independent groups in three sets were also treated with saline or morphine, decapitated on days 1, 4 or 8 of the schedule, respectively and their lumbosacral cord and midbrain were dissected. Results: The result of the hotplate test revealed induction of analgesic tolerance on days 4 and 8 of morphine injections. The TRPV1 gene expression in the lumbosacral cord was significantly increased only on day 4 of morphine injections, but the PKCγ gene expression remained with no significant changes on days 1, 4 and 8. In the midbrain, the TRPV1 gene expression was significantly increased only on day 1; however, the PKCγ gene expression was significantly increased on days 4 and 8 of morphine injections. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the TRPV1 gene expression changes in the lumbosacral cord and midbrain is associated with early phase of morphine-induced analgesic tolerance but the PKCγ gene expression is altered only in midbrain at the later phase of process.}, Keywords = {Morphine, Analgesic tolerance, Gene expression, Spinal cord, Midbrain, TRPV1, PKCγ}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {147-156}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1172-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1172-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Afhami, Mina and Abbaszadeh, Fatemeh and Saghaei, Elham and Naseri, Kobra and Javan, Mohammad and Jorjani, Masoumeh}, title = {The demyelination and altered motor performance following electrolytic lesion in the ventrolateral white matter of spinal cord in male rats: benefit of post-injury administration of estradiol}, abstract ={Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and subsequent locomotor dysfunction. To identify the extent of damage following electrolytic lesion of ventrolateral white matter, essential area for initiation of locomotor activity, we assessed demyelination as well as alteration in motor performance. Moreover, the protective effect of estradiol as a candidate treatment for preservation of myelin and locomotor activity after injury was examined due to its anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: A unilateral electrolytic lesion positioned in the right ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) was applied following laminectomy at T8-T9. In the estradiol-treated injury group, animals received a pharmacological single dose of estradiol valerate (4 mg/kg) at 30min post injury. Locomotor function was assessed using rotarod and open field tasks during 4 weeks after injury. Results: Obtained results showed significant demyelination at the site of injury and caudal areas following lesion as well as altered motor performance. Post-spinal cord injury administration of estradiol enhanced white matter maintenance at the site of lesion, restored the level of myelin basic protein (MBP), decreased TUNEL positive cells and improved functional recovery. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that demyelination after lesion in VLF may be a contributing factor to limited motor performance, and suggest that pharmacological doses of estradiol may have an early protective effect through sparing of white matter.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Estradiol, Demyelination}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {157-171}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1182-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1182-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Torabian, Pedram and Khosravi, Ayyoob and Gholizadeh, Mehdi and Zahedi, Mehdi and Haghjoo, Majid and Oladnabi, Morteza and Jand, Yahya and Khori, Vahi}, title = {Lack of association between coding region of KCNE2 gene and the congenital long QT syndrome in an Iranian population}, abstract ={Introduction: Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac disorder characterized by QT interval prolongation at basal ECG. Different LQTS genes encode ion channel subunits or proteins involved in regulating cardiac ionic currents. Long QT syndrome type 6 (LQT6) is caused by mutation in the KCNE2 gene. Our research aimed to analyze genetic variants of KCNE2 gene causing the disease in Iranian population. Methods: Twenty nine patients consented for participation in the study. They were diagnosed based on Schwartz's criteria. After DNA extraction from peripheral blood cells, two exons of the KCNE2 gene were amplified. Afterwards, PCR-SSCP was carried out for screening the possible mutated gene variants. As the last verification step, direct sequencing was done to determine the sequence. Results: All samples were detected by PCR-SSCP and sequenced. None of the patients had the mutation in the KCNE2 gene. Conclusion: Investigating a genetic variant associated with LQTS, in Iranian patients clinically diagnosed with LQT6, no association was found between the disease and KCNE2 gene. Other previously identified genes, especially the major genes, should be considered for further investigation.}, Keywords = {KCNE2 gene, Long QT syndrome, Polymorphism, Single-stranded conformational}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {172-178}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1169-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1169-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Golabi, Sahar and Zaringhalam, Jalal and Manaheji, Hom}, title = {Synovial fractalkine plays important role in cytokines’ related knee edema variation in rat arthritis model}, abstract ={Introduction: The systemic and local content of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play substantial roles in pathophysiology of arthritis. This study was purposed to verify the roles of synovial TNF-α, IL-6 and fractalkine (Fkn) in edema changes during different stages of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced knee arthritis in rats. Methods: 168 male Wistar rats were divided in 7 groups and each group was divided to 4 subgroups. Each subgroup contains 6 male rats. Arthritis was evoked into the right knee joint. Changes in knee edema were evaluated by caliper and synovial TNF-α and IL-6 levels were assayed by rat standard ELISA kit in homogenized synovial tissues on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of study. Synovial Fkn content was assessed during different stages of study using western blot. For analysis of within-groups differences, ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukeys was used. Unpaired student t-test was used for analysis of differences between groups. Results: CFA injection caused intense knee edema which was reduced by anti-TNF-α and anti-Fkn administration. In anti-IL-6 treated rats, knee edema was reduced in the first two weeks but increased on day 21 of study. Remarkable increase in synovial TNF-α, IL-6 and Fkn levels were observed after CFA treatment. Anti-TNF-α treatment reduced synovial levels of IL-6 and Fkn. Anti-IL-6 administration caused a reduction in synovial IL-6 level and an increase in TNF-α synovial level. Anti-Fkn administration caused a reduction in Fkn and TNF-α level. Conclusion: It seems that Fkn plays an important role in modulating the TNF-α and IL-6 effects on edema changes in CFA-induced inflammation.}, Keywords = {Inflammation, TNF-α, IL-6, Fractalkine, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {179-188}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1188-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1188-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Fathi, Mohsen and Hosseinmardi, Narges and Rohampour, Kambiz and Janahmadi, Mahyar and Sonboli, Ali and Zaringhalam, Jalal}, title = {Anti-nociceptive effect of Tanacetum Fisherae on formalin-induced inflammatory pain in rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The management of pain and inflammation related problem is a real challenge that people face daily. Although several drugs are available for these conditions, medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. The objective of current study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of Tanacetum Fisherae which has been traditionally used for treatment of pain. Methods: In this experimental study, formalin test was performed with drug (Tanacetum Fisherae) or DMSO pretreatment 30 min prior to formalin injection in 40 male Wistar rats. Fifty microliters of 2.5% formalin was injected into the plantar surface of the right hind paw. Immediately after injection, licking and flinching number and paw-shaking responses were observed at 5-min intervals for 1 h. Animals were divided into five experimental groups. There were 8 animals in each group. Each group received vehicle (7% DMSO) or Tanacetum Fisherae essential oil (25, 50 or 100 μg) or morphine (5 mg/kg). Two-way and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Differences were considered significant at the level of P<0.05 (with 95% confidence interval). Results: Results showed that Tanacetum Fisherae essential oil dose dependently reduced licking and flinching number and also pain score in the late (15-35 min) and recovery phase (35-60 min) of formalin test (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). It had no anti-nociceptive effect (p>0.05) in early (0-5 min) phase and interphase (5-15 min). Conclusion: Results demonstrate the effectiveness of Tanacetum Fisherae to mitigate the inflammatory pain.}, Keywords = {Pain, Formalin test, Tanacetum Fisherae}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {189-196}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1174-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1174-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Kesmati, Mahnaz and Konani, Maryam and Torabi, Mozhhgan and Khajehpour, Lotfollah}, title = {Magnesium oxide nanoparticles reduce anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal in adult male mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. In this study the effects of MgO NP on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. Methods: Adult male NMRI mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MgO NP (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg), morphine withdrawal groups that receiving saline or MgO NP (2.5, 5 &10 mg/kg) as acute (a single injection at the test day) and chronic (co-injected with morphine for 4 days). To develop morphine dependency, increasing doses of morphine (20, 40, 80 mg/kg( injected subcutaneously for 4 days. Mice received a final morphine injection (40 mg/kg) 3 hours prior to naloxone (5 mg/kg (i.p.) on the day of testing (day 4). In addicted groups, after naloxone injection, morphine withdrawal signs were evaluated. In all groups, anxiety like behavior was assessed by the elevated plus maze apparatus. Results: MgO NP (2.5 & 5 mg/kg) reduced anxiety like behavior (P<0.05). Acute and chronic MgO NP injections (5&10 mg/kg) could significantly improve/alleviate anxiety like behavior (p<0.05 & p<0.01 respectively) and reduce locomotor activity (p<0.05, acute; p<0.05, & p<0.01, chronic), rearing, climbing and weight loss in morphine withdrawn mice. Conclusion: Due to the positive effect of MgO NP on anxiety like behavior and morphine withdrawal signs and symptoms, this nanoparticle can be a potential candidate for reducing the side effects of chronic usage of morphine and morphine withdrawal.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Nanoparticles, Magnesium oxide, Morphine withdrawal}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {197-205}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1164-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1164-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Riani, Etty and Maheswari, Hera and Dzikrifishofa, Muhammad and Kusumorini, Nastiti}, title = {Sandifish (Holothuria scabra) ameliorates aging in menopausal women by increasing estradiol hormones}, abstract ={Introduction: Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) is a marine species generally sold as a raw material that has been dried even though the meat contains steroid hormone with high economic value, which has the potential to become a source of safe natural steroid hormone. This study was aimed to look at the potency of sandfish as an anti-aging for menopausal women. Sandfish could become a source of natural steroid for hormone replacement therapy to replace synthetic hormone that is proven to have negative impacts on health. Methods: This study used female rats (Rattus norvegicus) Sprague-Dawley Strain Variety II that were twelve weeks old and ovariectomized. In these animals, the bioassay test was conducted with the treatment of sandfish meat powder (SP) containing 30, 40, and 50 μg steroid/100 g. At the end of the treatment, the examination was carried out toward the concentration of steroid in blood serum using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the uterine weight. Results: The treatment with SP in 30 μg steroid/100 g could increase the estradiol hormone in blood serum of test animals that were ovariectomized and produce the highest concentration of uterine weight. Conclusion: This study showed that a dose of SPcontaining 30 μg steroid/100 g body weight had the highest potential as an anti-aging in menopausal women.}, Keywords = {Anti-aging, Menopause, Sandfish, Steroid}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {206-214}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1176-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1176-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Valadbeigi, Tahereh and Shaddel, Minoo}, title = {Amylase inhibitory activity of some macrolichens in Mazandaran province, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: α-amylase is a major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals. It is the special key enzyme involved in carbohydrates breakdown. Inhibition of this enzyme could be used in treatment of diabetes. In this study, the effect of ten Iranian macrolichens on alpha amylase were tested. Methods: Different concentrations of the extracts (25, 50 and 75 mg/ml) were incubated with enzyme substrate solution and activities of enzyme were measured and acarbose was used as the positive control. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gradient-elution high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine the phytochemical compounds of the extracts. Results: The extracts showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on amylase as Usnea articulata> Ramalina pollinaria> R. hyrcana > Cladonia rei> Flavoparmelia caperata> Parmotrema chinense> Punctelia subrudecta> P. borreri> Hyperphyscia adglutinata> Peltigera praetextata. The highest inhibition of amylase was 60% at extract concentrationa 75 mg/ml in U. articulata. TLC and HPLC for this species proved the presence of the compounds as usnic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid and protocetraric acid. Conclusion: This study showed that, macrolichens have inhibitory properties against α-amylase and determination of the type of enzyme inhibition by these macrolichen extracts could be provided by successful use of macrolichen chemicals as drug targets.}, Keywords = {α-glucosidase, Enzymatic reaction, Macrolichens}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {215-219}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1177-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1177-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Javadifar, Tahereh-Sadat and Sahraei, Hedayat and Ketabi, Mohammad-Ali and Nasehi, Mohammad and Zarrindast, Mohammad-Rez}, title = {Transient inactivation of the central amygdala modulates metabolic and hormonal responses to acute stress in female rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Current study examined the possible role of the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) transient inactivation on the metabolic and hormonal disturbances induced by acute electro foot shock stress in female rats. Considering the differences between female and male in responses to stress, this study attempts to reveal possible mechanisms underlying these differences. Methods: Uni- or bilateral CeA nucleus cannulation of female Wistar rats (W: 200±20 g) was preformed seven days before stress induction. Lidocaine hydrochloride (2%) administered five minutes before electro foot shock. Food and water intake, time of delaying the onset of eating, plasma glucose, corticosterone, estradiol and progesterone were measured after stress termination. Results: Stress caused an increase in food intake and time of delaying the onset of eating whereas had no effect on the water intake. In addition, plasma glucose, corticosterone and progesterone concentrations were increased. The CeA inactivation in the right and left sides results in reduced water intake and increased delay times to eating. However, bilaterally inactivation of the CeA results in reducing time that elapsed before eating. Lidocaine administration in the both sides of nucleus had no effect on food intake. Transient inactivation of the bilateral sides of CeA augmented the stress effect on the plasma glucose and estradiol but had no significant effect on the corticosterone and progesterone hormones. Conclusion: It could be concluded that inhibition of the CeA by lidocaine modulate certain metabolic and hormonal responses to acute stress in female rats. The CeA influence seems to be asymmetrical.}, Keywords = {Acute stress, Central Amygdala, Corticosterone, Estradiol, Female rat, Progesterone.}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {220-230}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1207-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1207-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Azadbakht, Ali Ahmad and Eidelkhani, Nastaran and Kazemi, Mohammad and Radahmadi, Maryam and Reisi, Parham}, title = {Doxepin improves stress-impaired long-term potentiation and gene expression of BDNF in the rat hippocampus}, abstract ={Introduction: Stress is associated with neurological and cognitive disorders. It has been suggested that doxepin, in addition to its influence on the content of neurotransmitters, has probable neuroprotective effects as well. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of doxepin on synaptic plasticity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in the rat hippocampus following repeated restraint stress. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into the control, the stress and the stress-doxepin 1 and 5 mg/kg groups. Stress was induced 6 hours/day for 21 days. Rats received daily ip injection of doxepin before induction of stress. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced in hippocampal dentate gyrus following stimulation of perforant pathway and then field excitatory postsynaptic potential was evaluated. Hippocampal gene expression of BDNF was measured by Real-Time PCR. Results: Stress impaired LTP induction, but both doses of doxepin prevented those damages. Stress significantly decreased the expression of BDNF gene, but doxepin in both doses, increased it significantly. Conclusion: The present results suggested that doxepin can prevented the harmful effects of stress on synaptic plasticity which may be related to changes in BDNF gene expression.}, Keywords = {Doxepin, Stress, Hippocampus, Long-term potentiation, BDNF.}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {231-238}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1211-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1211-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Esmaeili-Mahani, Saeed and Hajializadeh, Zahra and Torkzadeh-Mahani, Shim}, title = {High glucose condition down-regulates the inhibitory G-protein subunit, Gαi, in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells}, abstract ={Introduction: G-proteins have an important role in the cell signaling of numerous receptors. The situation of G-proteins in health and disease and their critical role in the development of diabetic side effects is an interested scientific field. Here, the changes in the expression of G-protein subunits (Gαi, Gαs and Gβ) were evaluated in hyperglycemic situation of PC12 cells as a cellular model for the induction of diabetic side effect. Methods: Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were grown in normal or high-glucose (4X normal glucose) medium. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) studied using fluorescence spectrophotometry. RT-PCR and immunobloting were performed to evaluate the expression of specific G-protein subunits in the levels of mRNA and protein, respectively. Results: In high glucose condition (100 mM glucose for 48h), the cell viability was significantly decreased and intracellular ROS increased. In addition, Gαi expression level was significantly decreased in hyperglycemic PC12 cells. However, the levels of Gαs and Gβ mRNAs and their proteins were not altered in high glucose-treated cells. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that deregulation or disruption in the signaling of Gai coupled receptors can be occurred in hyperglycemic condition.}, Keywords = {G-proteins, Gene expression, Hyperglycemia, PC12 cells }, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {239-245}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1193-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1193-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mardookhi, Jamileh and Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza and Khaksar, Sepideh}, title = {The effect of pre-treatment with olive oil on TNFR1/NF-кB inflammatory pathway in rat ischemic stroke model}, abstract ={Introduction: Ischemic stroke is a serious neurological disease and a leading cause of death and severe disability in the world. A key component of the Mediterranean diet is olive oil, which contains compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of olive oil on the ischemic damages and the inflammatory pathway of TNFR1/NF-кB in various regions of the rat brain. Methods: In this experimental research 58 male Wistar rats were totally divided into six groups including sham, control (intact), control (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO), and treatments. The intact group received distilled water, while the treatment groups received different doses (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 ml/kg) of olive oil by gastric gavage for 30 days. Two hours after the last gavage, the rats were subjected to 60 min MCAO surgery. Twenty four hours later, the neurologic defects scores, infarct volume (in total, cortex and striatum of hemisphere) and the inflammatory factors protein expression were evaluated separately. Data were analyzed by kruskal-wallis and two-way ANOVA tests. Results: The olive oil 0.75 ml/kg-received group displayed a significant reduction in the infarct volume, the neurological scores and the inflammatory factors protein level in comparison to the control group. Moreover, this significant difference was observed in the cortex and striatum. Conclusion: The present results demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of the olive oil could improve ischemic injuries. It seems that its positive impacts are partly attributed to anti-inflammatory effects of the olive oil.}, Keywords = {Olive oil, Infarct volume, Neurologic defects, MCAO, Stroke.}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {246-255}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1203-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1203-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Famitafreshi, Hamidreza and Karimian, Mortez}, title = {Assessment of increase in citrate and KCl consumption and probable underlying mechanisms in morphine-dependent socially isolated rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Abusing drugs such as morphine continues to be a serious medical and social problem. Defining a habit that increases the devastating effect such as compulsive use and craving is necessary. Methods: This experiment was designed in four groups 1) group-housed (GH) 2) isolation 3) group-housed morphine-treated (GHMT) (4) isolated-housed morphine-treated (IHMT). Rats were received morphine (0.75 mg/rat/day) for three weeks for inducing morphine dependence. BrdU (50 mg/kg/day) injection begins from the first day of the experiment and lasted for 21 days for assessing neurogenesis. At the end of experiment sensitization with open field, copper in serum with an atomic spectrophotometer, taste disturbance for bitter (potassium chloride, KCl) and sour (citrate), mood disturbance with tail suspension test, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in CSF with Elisa, malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and neurogenesis with BrdU staining were assessed. Results: Copper was higher in GHMT rats. Sensitization was higher in IHMT rats. Citrate and KCl consumption were higher in IHMT rats. Time of immobility was higher in IHMT rats. BrdU-positive cells and BDNF were lower in IHMT rats. MDA increased in IHMT rats. Conclusion: Avoiding isolation in a period of morphine injection decreases behaviors that favor morphine abuse. Also avoiding isolation increases neurogenesis that has a positive effect on rewarding center.}, Keywords = {Morphine, Socially isolation, Sensitization, Copper, Open field, Citrate and KCl}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {256-266}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1206-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1206-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Vahid and Oryan, Shahrbanoo and Khazali, Homayoun and Hosseini, Abdolkarim}, title = {The involvement of kisspeptin in centrally regulatory mechanism of neuropeptide Y on testosterone secretion in male Wistar rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated that kisspeptin, a peptide from the KISS1 gene, plays an important role in regulating the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Also, there is some evidence suggesting that kisspeptin can interact with other neuropeptides for the control of the reproductive axis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of central administration of either kisspeptin or neuropeptide Y (NPY) or both on the mean plasma testosterone concentration in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 66 male Wistar rats were allocated into 11 groups (n=6 per group) receiving saline, kisspeptin (1 nmol), P234 (kisspeptin receptor antagonist, 1 nmol), NPY (2.3 nmol), BIBP3226 (NPY receptor antagonist, 7.8 nmol) or co-administration of them via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection at 9:00-9:30 A.M. Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 min following the injections for hormone assay. The serum testosterone concentration was measured using rat testosterone kit and the method of radioimmunoassay. Results: Kisspeptin or NPY injection significantly increased the mean serum testosterone concentration compared to saline at 30 and 60 min postinjection (P<0.001). The co-injection of kisspeptin+NPY considerably raised the mean serum testosterone concentration compared to NPY in both 30 and 60 min after the administration (P<0.001). This study indicates that P234 or BIBP3226 significantly attenuated (P<0.001) the testosterone increase after the kisspeptin injection compared to kisspeptin while a stimulatory increase effect was observed in the kisspeptin groups compared to either NPY or kisspeptin. Conclusion: Based upon the results, NPY may modulate the testosterone secretion indirectly via the kisspeptin signaling system.}, Keywords = {Neuropeptide Y, Kisspeptin, HPG axis, Testosterone, Rat}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {267-276}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1208-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1208-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Aghaie, Fatemeh and Khazali, Homayoun and Hedayati, Mehdi and Akbarnejad, Ali}, title = {The effects of moderate treadmill and running wheel exercises on oxidative stress in female rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries}, abstract ={Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinological pathologies in women during their reproductive years with ovulatory dysfunction, abdominal obesity, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), free testosterone, ovarian morphology and estrous cyclicity in the estradiol valerate (EV)-induced PCOS rat model and the effect of treadmill and running wheel exercises on these parameters. Methods: Fifty female Wistar rats were randomly selected (220 ± 20 g). They had every 2 to 3 consecutive estrous cycles during 12 to 14 days. The first two groups were divided into control (n=10) and polycystic (n=40) that were induced PCOS by EV injection after 60 days. The polycystic groups were divided into three groups (n=10 in each group) PCOS, experiment group with treadmill exercise (running for 28 m/min at 60 min/day) and experiment group with running wheel exercise (running daily for 4 hours) for 8 weeks. Results: The PCOS rats had significantly higher testosterone, TOS and lower TAC than control. Eight weeks of treadmill and running wheel exercise significantly increased serum levels of TAC (just for treadmill exercise) and decreased level of TOS and T (just for treadmill exercise) in EV-induced PCOS rats compared to PCOS group. Ovarian morphology and estrous cycle was almost normalized in the PCOS exercise (treadmill and running wheel) groups. Conclusion: The present study demonstrate EV-induced PCOS in rats is associated with an increased oxidative stress and this increase can be returned to normal levels by exercise.}, Keywords = {Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Oxidative stress, Running wheel exercise, Treadmill exercise.}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {277-286}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1189-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1189-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Adikwu, Elias and Nelson, Brambaifa and WolfeAtuboyedia, Obianime}, title = {Melatonin and alpha lipoic acid as possible therapies for lopinavir/ritonavir-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) has decreased morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however its use could be impaired by hepatotoxicity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on LPV/r-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Methods: Rats were divided into groups and treated with MT (10 mg/kg/day), ALA (10 mg/kg/day) and LPV/r (22.9/5.71, 45.6/11.4 and 91.2/22.9 mg/kg/day) for 60 days respectively. Rats were pretreated with MT (10 mg/kg), ALA (10 mg/kg) and combined doses of ALA and MT prior to treatment with LPV/r (22.9/5.71, 45.6/11.4 and 91.2/22.9 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. Rats were sacrificed and serum was collected and evaluated for liver enzymes. The liver was harvested and evaluated for malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. Results: Significant (P<0.05) decreases in baseline serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and liver MDA levels with increases in liver SOD, CAT and GSH levels were obtained in MT and ALA treated animals when compared to control. On the contrary, significant (P<0.05) and dose dependent increases in serum AST, ALT, ALP and liver MDA levels with decreases in liver SOD, CAT and GSH levels were obtained in LPV/r treated rats when compared to placebo control. However, LPV/r-induced changes in the above parameters were attenuated in MT and ALA pretreated rats. Attenuations were significantly (P<0.05) different in rats pretreated with combined doses of MT and ALA when compared to their individual doses. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that MT and ALA could be used for the treatment of LPV/r associated hepatotoxicity.}, Keywords = {Liver, Toxicity, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Antioxidants, Pretreatment, Rats}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {287-295}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1212-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1212-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2016} }