@article{ author = {Malek, Maryam and Mohammadtaheri, Farnaz and Nikpour, Parvaneh and Baradaran, Azar}, title = {Long non‐coding RNA Miat mediates cross-talk between the kidneys and hippocampus in the rat model of acute kidney injury}, abstract ={Introduction: The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been intensively studied in the development of several human diseases. Myocardial infarction-associated transcript (Miat) is among the most abundant and highly conserved lncRNAs that exhibits deregulation in some critical diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Miat may also play a role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and neurological consequences. Methods: In the present study, the expression of lncRNA Miat was measured in the rat kidney and hippocampus tissues to assess if there is an association between the expression of it and AKI. AKI was induced by clamping the bilateral renal artery for 45min and was confirmed 24 hours after reperfusion by biochemical markers and histopathological assessments in rat kidneys. Results: We observed an increasing trend of Miat expression (256-fold) in the kidney as well as the hippocampus (2-fold) following AKI. Conclusion: It appears that there is a relationship between the deregulation of the Miat expression and AKI and the hippocampal involvement, although more studies are needed to confirm the functional effect of this lncRNA in AKI.}, Keywords = {Long non‐coding RNA, Miat, Acute kidney injury, Hippocampus.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.10}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1476-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1476-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {SoukhakLari, Roksana and Farokhi, Majid Reza and Moosavi, Maryam}, title = {Protective effect of nobiletin against apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydoamine in human neuroblastoma cells}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the damage of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Despite considerable research, therapeutic approaches aimed at the prevention and long-term treatment of PD have not been quite successful. Therefore, there is a tendency for the identification of novel medical intervention derived from natural substances. Nobiletin, an important citrus flavonoid commonly present in sweet and bitter orange peel, has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective agent in animal models of PD. This study was aimed to assess the potentials of nobiletin in preventing neuronal death and caspase-3 in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were grown in DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without nobiletin was added to cells. After 24h, the cells were examined for morphological changes under a light microscope and viability by MTT assay. The protective doses of nobiletin was chosen through a pilot study and accordingly the doses 50 and 250μM were selected for further assessments. Western blot assays were done to examine the effect of 6-OHDA with/without nobiletin on cleaved (active) caspase-3. Results: Our results showed that nobiletin is effective in attenuating the effect of 6-OHDA on cell viability by the MTT assay. Nobiletin also reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 induced by 6-OHDA. Conclusion: These results suggest that nobiletin has protective effects against dopaminergic neural toxicity and its anti-apoptotic effect is involved, at least in part, in such protection.}, Keywords = {Nobiletin, SH-SY5Y, Caspase-3, Cell viability, 6-OHDA.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-18}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.20}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1503-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1503-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khalaji, Naser and Mohammadzadeh, Adel and NaseriGooshehDerag, Masoomeh and Naderi, Roya and AsgariHassanlouei, Elham}, title = {Combination effect of ecstasy and curcumin on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobulin levels in early and late phase in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Consumption of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), a derivative of amphetamine, can results in various undesirable side effects including hematological and serological parameters. This study is intended to examine the effects of curcumin along with MDMA in the early and late phase of consumption on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobins (IgM, IgG and IgA) levels. Methods: We used 56 male rats that are divided into 7 groups: group1 (control), group2 (MDMA+vehicle1), group3 (curcumin), group4 (MDMA+early curcumin), group5 (MDMA+vehicle2), group6 (MDMA+late curcumin) and group7 (MDMA+early&late curcumin). The groups were received MDMA (20mg/kg) orally and curcumin (20μM/kg) intra-peritoneally for 2 and 4 weeks (n=8). After 24h of final dose, rats were anesthetized and blood samples were collected and used for determination of hematological parameters and IgM, IgG and IgA levels using a Coulter Automated Cell Counter and ELISA kit. Results: Our data indicated that either MDMA alone or in combination with curcumin in both early and late phases decreased lymphocytes, platelet, total leukocyte count and RBC, MCHC, RDW, immunoglobin levels, as well as hemoglobin content in comparison with the control group. In contrast, the amount of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, mean cell volume and HCT increased. Furthermore, we observed blood parasites of red blood cells in the MDMA groups with curcumin. Conclusion: In conclusion, MDMA alone and in combination of curcumin altered the hematological parameters. Furthermore, their combination therapy induces toxic effects on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobin levels. This is a serious consequence for recreational drug users.}, Keywords = {Ecstasy, Blood cells, Immunoglobulins, Curcumin.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.50}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1448-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1448-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa and SuciNasution, Embu}, title = {Prescribing patterns of antibiotics outpatients received by pharmacies in Medan city, Indonesia in 2017}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed to determine the patterns of antibiotic use from prescriptions of physicians received by pharmacies in Medan from January to March 2017. Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional method using direct observation of prescriptions received by 100 pharmacies in Medan city. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and grouped based on the antibiotic names, antibiotic classes, type of drugs, dosage forms and prescriptions. Results: A total of 12,388 prescription sheets were obtained from 100 pharmacies in Medan during the study period in which 3,823 of the prescription sheets (30.96%) contained antibiotics. According to the data, 4,029 antibiotics were prescribed by physicians in which amoxicillin (20.63%) and cephalosporin groups (25.94%) as the most widely prescribed antibiotic and antibiotic class, respectively. A total of 1,923 antibiotics (47.73%) were prescribed with generic names and more than half of the antibiotics were prescribed in the dosage form of tablets (65.65%). This study also found that Ear Nose Throat (ENT) specialists are medical doctors who prescribe antibiotics the most. Conclusion: Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions is still quite high in which amoxicillin as the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. In addition, ENT specialists as the most frequent prescribers of antibiotics.}, Keywords = {Antibiotics, Drug use patterns, Pharmacy, Prescription.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-33}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.40}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1474-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1474-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Meysam and Shahabi, Parviz and Karimi, Pouran and Javan, Mohammad and Bani, Soheila and Hoseini, Saba and Soltani-Zangbar, Hamid and Sadeghzadeh-Oskouei, Behnaz}, title = {Sub-threshold electrical stimulation improves wingless-type3 and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α expression in the presence of exogenous astrocyte in the rat model of spinal cord injury}, abstract ={Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition which can lead to permanent loss of neurons, glial and precursor cells. According to the positive influences of electrical stimulation in the neurogenesis, we hypothesized that sub-threshold electrical stimulation in the presence of exogenous astrocyte may trigger the differential regulation of wingless-type3 (Wnt-3) and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) mediators in spinal cord injured rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats (weighing 250-280g) were randomly divided into four groups: sham, SCI, SCI+astrocyte and SCI+astrocyte which followed by electrical stimulation. We evaluated the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), doublecortin, Wnt-3 and eIF2α proteins by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques. Results: The results show that expression of Wnt-3 and eIF2α proteins significantly enhanced after 14 days in the electrical stimulation+ SCI+astrocyte group in comparison with SCI and SCI+astrocyte groups. Also, the expression of GFAP cells was significantly increased after 14 days by electrical stimulation compared with other groups. Electrical stimulation had no effect on expression of doublecortin after 14 days. Conclusion: This survey demonstrates that sub-threshold electrical stimulation up-regulates Wnt-3 and eIF2α mediators. Also, GFAP marker expression has been increased in animals subjected to electrical stimulation. But there are no evidences based on doublecortin expression as a neurogenesis biomarker.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Electrical stimulation, GFAP, Doublecortin, Wingless-type3.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {34-45}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.30}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1523-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1523-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Beheshti, Siamak and Tohidloo, Sahar and Esmaeili, Abolghasem}, title = {Frankincense improves memory retrieval and down-regulates the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA during the development of the rat brain}, abstract ={Introduction: Frankincense expands memory performance in different experimental models of learning. Nevertheless, the causal molecular mechanisms have not been well investigated. The expression levels of some of the synaptic proteins might probably change following the consumption of frankincense. The present study investigated the effect of maternal injection of frankincense during gestation and lactation periods on memory performance and the mRNA expression levels of syntaxin1A and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of the offspring rats. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats weighing 180-220g received two doses (50 or 100mg/kg) of the aqueous extract of frankincense by gavage during gestation and lactation periods for 45 consecutive days, except three days after labor. The control group received water. Spatial memory was assessed in the male offspring rats using the Morris water maze. Quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNAs expression levels of syntaxin1A and synaptophysin. Results: Frankincense improved spatial memory retrieval in the offspring rats. Data analysis by one-way ANOVA demonstrated that frankincense did not change the expression levels of the hippocampal syntaxin1A mRNA in the offspring rats. However, it significantly decreased the expression levels of the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA. Conclusion: The results indicate that consumption of frankincense during both gestation and lactation periods has a beneficial impact on spatial memory performance, which is accompanied by the down-regulation of the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA. Nevertheless, this down-regulation did not change the improving effect of frankincense in memory.}, Keywords = {Frankincense, Hippocampus, Spatial memory, Synaptophysin, Syntaxin1A.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.60}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1513-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1513-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Saboory, Ehsan and Rabiepoor, Soheila and Abedi, Maryam}, title = {Prenatal stress and infants’ development: association with cortisol and leptin levels in cord blood and saliva}, abstract ={Introduction: Stressful events during pregnancy may affect cognitive and somatic development in infants and increase the risk of developmental disorders in future. This study aimed at assessing the correlation between prenatal stress with salivary cortisol and leptin levels with a focus on infant development. Methods: In this prospective correlative study, 80 infants whose mothers were admitted to clinics during pregnancy were evaluated. The pregnant women were included during 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and assessed using the perceived stress scale until delivery. Following delivery, growth and development of infants were evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at birth as well as 2, 4 and 6 months after birth. For assessing leptin and cortisol levels, cord blood and salivary samples were collected at birth and 6 months after birth, respectively. Results: The mean perceived stress score (PSS) during pregnancy was associated with infant development and weight at 2 and 6 months of age, respectively. Moreover, there was a negative association between leptin level at 6 months of age and infant height at 2, 4 and 6 months after birth. Finally, a negative correlation was observed between cortisol level at 6 months of age and infant height at 2 months following birth. Conclusion: The results indicated that the PSS of the mothers negatively correlated with the infants’ growth, development and cortisol and leptin levels. Thus, prenatal stress probably affects growth and development in infancy through effects on the neuroendocrine system. Leptin might be an appropriate biomarker for determination of growth and development in infancy.}, Keywords = {Prenatal stress, Development, Leptin, Cortisol, Saliva.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-62}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.70}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1512-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1512-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Zadehdarvish, Farzaneh and Kesmati, Mahnaz and Khajehpour, Lotfollah and Torabi, Mozhg}, title = {Effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on memory impairment induced by postpartum depression model}, abstract ={Introduction: Plasma magnesium level is reduced after postpartum depression in female and this reduction can cause memory impairment. As regards the magnesium has antidepressant activity and it's deficiency leads to depression, the aim of this study was evaluating the effect of magnesium in form of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on memory retrieval in a postpartum depression model. Methods: Adult female mice (27±3g) were divided into groups of control, depressed and depressed recipient of MgO NPs (1, 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg) as an acute and chronic administrations. For induction of postpartum depression, chronic administration (5 days) of progesterone was used and three days after stopping administration, the depressive behavior was evaluated by tail suspension test. Passive avoidance memory and locomotor activity have done 24 hours after training using the step-down and open field devices, respectively. Results: Induction of postpartum depression model by the withdrawal of progesterone significantly decreased the memory retrieval. Acute administration of MgO NP significantly improved depression and memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner, while chronic administration showed less improvement in depression and memory. There was no difference between locomotor activities in all groups. Conclusion: It seems that acute administration of MgO NPs could be more suitable supplement than its chronic ones for improving depression and prevent memory impairment induced by postpartum depression. Probably the duration of nanoparticles administration can be a determining factor in their efficacy.}, Keywords = {Magnesium oxide, Memory, Nanoparticle, Postpartum depression.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.80}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1514-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1514-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Pazhoohan, Saeed and Alimoradian, Abbas and Amini, Mohammad and Shafiee, Misagh and Sadegh, Mehdi}, title = {Prolonged hyperglycemia decreased the adverse respiratory effects of benzodiazepines in rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The incidence of diabetes is increasing along with its associated respiratory disorders, sleep disturbance and mental health problems. Despite the adverse effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) on the respiratory system function, they remain the most commonly used medications for the management of anxiety and sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic hyperglycemia increases the adverse respiratory effects of BZRAs. Methods: The experiments were carried out in male Wistar rats that were randomly allocated into six experimental groups. Hyperglycemia was induced by injecting 35mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). We recorded breathing of conscious animals using whole-body plethysmography at the onset of the experiment and three weeks after diabetes induction. Animals were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of midazolam (0.75mg/kg) and diazepam (1mg/kg) 15min prior to the second respiratory recording. Results: Analysis of respiratory dynamics revealed an alteration in breathing pattern in intact animals following the anxiolytic dose of benzodiazepines, which was associated with an increase in respiration rate and variability and decrease in the irregularity of the respiratory rhythm. Meanwhile, these effects were significantly decreased in hyperglycemic animals. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats exhibited decreased adverse respiratory effects of BZRAs. It seems that hyperglycemia induced an impairment in benzodiazepine receptors response to the BZRAs.}, Keywords = {Hyperglycemia, Diabetes, Benzodiazepine, Respiration, Breathing pattern.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {74-81}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.1.90}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1537-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1537-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Pagadala, Pravallika and Shankar, Vinuth}, title = {Moringa olifera: constituents and protective effects on organ systems}, abstract ={Moringa olifera (MO) belongs to Moringaceae family commonly known as the Miracle Tree. It is a versatile tree useful for human beings and animals and also has industrial values. It is one among the richest plant sources of vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. MO leaves and fruits are used as vegetables in various countries of the world. Earlier studies have found that MO to be nontoxic and recommended for therapeutic use in developing countries. It has been used in treatment of many diseases such as antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypo cholesterolemic activity, cancer, high blood pressure and for cardiac stimulation. It is an antioxidant which is known to be more powerful and a free radical scavenger able to inhibit oxidant and stimulate antioxidant status.}, Keywords = {M. olifera, Herbal medicine, Therapeutic potential, Protective effect.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {82-88}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.40}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1488-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1488-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Nazari, Somayeh and Kourosh-Arami, Masoumeh and Komaki, Alireza and Hajizadeh, Sohrab}, title = {Relative contribution of central and peripheral factors in superficial blood flow regulation following cold exposure}, abstract ={The aim of the present study was to evaluate the extent of contribution of thermal regulators in cold stress. Hypothermia is described as a diminution in core body temperature below 35°C. Thermoregulation is the equilibrium between heat generation (thermogenesis) and heat loss (thermolysis). Thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow (SBF) is critical to preserve body temperature homeostasis during thermal changes. The obtained results from different studies revealed that following cold exposure, some areas of the brain like preoptic/anterior hypothalamus, known as body thermostat, involve in thermoregulation by affecting on SBF. Furthermore, some peripheral factors participate in the thermal control through alteration of skin blood flow. Sympathetic neural control of SBF includes the noradrenergic vasoconstrictor system and a sympathetic active vasodilator system. Overall, further future studies are required to elucidate the imbalance of these regulators in some disorders.}, Keywords = {Hypothermia, Skin blood flow, Thermoregulation.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-100}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.50}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1559-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1559-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Fakhri, Sajad and Abbaszadeh, Fatemeh and Pouriran, Ramin and Jorjani, Masoumeh}, title = {The effects of intrathecal ketamine on improving sensory-motor function in a rat model of compression spinal cord injury}, abstract ={Introduction: The major secondary complications of spinal cord injury (SCI) are neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction, which remained medical challenges for clinicians. Due to the major role of glutamate in excitotoxicity and central sensitization, the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of ketamine (KET), an n-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, on sensory-motor functions in a rat model of clip compression SCI. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into sham, SCI and KET-treated groups. The sham group received laminectomy without any compression lesion. KET and SCI groups were subjected to severe compression injury for 1min with an aneurysm clip and then treated with KET (10mg/kg) or 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (as vehicle), respectively. The rats were assessed by pain-related and motor behavioral tests inclusive of von Frey, acetone drop, hot plate, inclined plane and Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan on day 0 prior to the injury and the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days following SCI. Results: KET group compared with the SCI group showed a significant decline in the mechanical allodynia on the 21st and 28th days, and in cold allodynia from the 1st week to the 4th week post-injury. KET treatment improved the motor function but not weight loss and auricle temperature rise during the 4 weeks of follow up from the 1st week until the 4th week. Conclusion: It was ultimately attained that the advantageous effects of intrathecal KET on sensory-motor dysfunction of SCI rats could provide new approaches for KET as a neuroprotective agent toward clinical applications.}, Keywords = {Ketamine, Spinal cord injury, Neuropathic pain, Motor activity, Rat.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {101-110}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.20}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1515-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1515-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {SarbaziGolezari, Ali and Haghdoost-Yazdi, Hashem and Minaei, Azit}, title = {The serum level of cystatin C does not predict dopaminergic cell death in substantia nigra, evidence from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced animal model of Parkinson\'s disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Cystatin C (CysC) is an indicator of renal function, and has been recently reported that associates with neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the role of this substance in Parkinson's disease (PD), we evaluated the association between serum levels of CysC and other markers of renal function with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced Parkinsonism in rat. Methods: The 6-OHDA was microinjected into the medial forebrain bundle by stereotaxic surgery. After behavioral tests, immunofluorescence and biochemical studies were carried out to determine the number of survived dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatal dopamine level. The blood samples were collected from the caudal vain and the heart of animals. CysC was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: There was no difference in serum level of CysC between the 6-OHDA treated and control groups, as well as before and after the toxin in the 6-OHDA group. Also, no association was found between CysC and DA neuronal death in SNc or striatal dopamine level. In addition, there was no significant difference in serum levels of creatinine, urea and potassium ions between the control and 6-OHDA treated groups. Conclusion: Since the death of DA neurons in SNc is the main pathophysiological mechanism underlying in the development of both 6-OHDA induced Parkinsonism and PD in human being, CysC and other markers of renal function cannot reflect DA neuronal death and accordingly cannot use for early diagnosis of PD.}, Keywords = {Parkinson's disease, 6-hydroxydopamine, Cystatin C, Creatinine, Urea, Dopamine.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {111-122}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.10}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1475-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1475-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Radahmadi, Maryam and HosseiniDastgerdi, Azadehalsadat and Pourshanazari, Ali Asghar}, title = {Effects of crocin on locomotor activity as well as novel object recognition and object location memories in chronic restraint stressed rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Chronic stress impairs memory and certain brain functions such as locomotor activity. Crocin is one of the active components of saffron and has neuroprotective effects on brain functions. This study investigated crocin effects on locomotor activity and recognition of new conditions (exploration time) as well as novel object recognition and object location memories in chronic restraint stress rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to control group, restraint stress group (6h/day for 21days) and two groups receiving daily intraperitoneal injections of crocin (30 and 60mg/kg) accompanied by restraint stress. Memories were evaluated using the relevant novel object recognition (NOR) and object location (OLT) tests. Results: The NOR and OLT results, respectively, revealed significant and non-significant decreases in locomotor activity in the stressed group. The NOR results revealed enhanced locomotor activity due to crocin administration (30 and 60mg/kg). The NOR revealed significant enhancements in recognizing new conditions in both crocin treatments while the OLT test did so only with a crocin dose of 60mg/kg. Restraint stress and crocin treatments led to no significant differences in novel object recognition and object location memories. Finally, the stressed group exhibited significant increases in serum corticosterone levels but corticosterone levels declined significantly with crocin dose of 30mg/kg. Conclusion: The high and low doses of crocin had different effects on the NOR and OLT variables under restraint stress conditions. The NOR test as cognitive test was found more sensitive to crocin treatments than the OLT test as spatial test although neither the memories showed changes in response to such treatment.}, Keywords = {Crocin, Memory impairment, Restraint stress, Rat.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {123-132}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.80}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1525-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1525-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hafazeh, Leila and Changizi-Ashtiyani, Saeed and Najafi, Houshang and Ghasemi, Faezeh and Rahjoo, Tina and Babaei, Saeid and Ramezani, Maji}, title = {Therapeutic effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on gentamicin-induced renal failure}, abstract ={Introduction: Considering the limitations of conventional therapeutic methods in renal failure, researchers are paying attention to the application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) and their protective effects against acute renal failure. This study aims to assess the therapeutic effects of AD-MSCs in gentamicin-induced renal failure in rats. Methods: In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were studied in control, sham, gentamicin treated with and without receiving AD-MSCs. After 10 days, blood samples were collected and hemodynamic parameters, malondialdehyde and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) measured in the right and left kidneys underwent histologic examination. Results: Gentamicin administration significantly increased plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, oxidative stress parameters and histologic damages; while significantly reduced FRAP in the gentamicin-receiving group in comparison with the sham group. AD-MSCs treatment significantly improved renal function parameters, oxidative stress and histologic damages in comparison with the gentamicin receiving group. Conclusion: Intravenous injection of AD-MSCs in gentamicin-induced renal failure improved renal function, oxidative stress parameters and histologic damages.}, Keywords = {Acute renal failure, Gentamicin, Mesenchymal stem cells, Oxidative stress.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {133-141}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.30}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1527-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1527-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Amini, Sima and Nikoui, Vahid and Jazaeri, Farahnaz and ImranKhan, Muhammad and Partoazar, Alireza and Bakhtiarian, Azam}, title = {Immunohistochemical evidence for involvement of inflammatory cytokines in anti-arrhythmic effects of rosuvastatin in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Considering the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of statins, the aim of the present experiment was to investigate the possible involvement of inflammatory cytokines in anti-arrhythmic effects of rosuvastatin in both in vitro and in vivo experiments in rats. Methods: Three weeks after oral administration of either of rosuvastatin or vehicle, the atria were removed and after incubation with ouabain, time of onset of arrhythmia and asystole were recorded. We also used immunohistochemistry technique to identify the differentially expressed proteins interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in atria. Results: Rosuvastatin significantly postponed the onset of arrhythmia compared to vehicle-treated group. Injection of ouabain increased the atrial expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α proteins, while pretreatment of rats with rosuvastatin could significantly attenuate them. Conclusion: Our data suggest that rosuvastatin exerts anti-arrhythmic properties at least in part through modulation of inflammatory cytokines.}, Keywords = {Rosuvastatin, Cardiovascular, Arrhythmia, Inflammatory cytokines.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {142-151}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.60}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1553-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1553-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Behnaz and Ashrafi, Mahboobeh and Masoudian, Malihe}, title = {Effect of simvastatin on c-myc, cyclin D1 and p53 expression in DMBA-induced breast cancer in mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Recently, the therapeutic and antioxidant effects of simvastatin on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer have been studied. To gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of simvastatin, this study investigated its effects on the expression of c-myc, cyclin D1 and p53 in normal mammary glands and tumors. Methods: Female albino mice were divided into two groups: 1) N group, healthy mice without DMBA and 2) D group, mice with DMBA administration. After the appearance of tumors, D group mice are subdivided into 3 groups, as control (C), simvastatin- treated group (S) which received 80 mg/kg/day, orally and tamoxifen-treated group (T) with 50 mg/kg/day, orally. After 4 weeks, animals were sacrificed. Also, the tumors and normal mammary glands were removed for histopathological evaluations and analysis of gene expression by qRT-PCR. Results: The results showed the up-regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 in tumors of the control group compared with mammary glands of the N group. Similar to tamoxifen, the simvastatin treatment could normalize the expression of c-myc and cyclin D1; however, the expression of p53 did not change in the treated groups. Conclusion: Down-regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 in treated tumors with simvastatin could be a possible molecular mechanism for its therapeutic effects in DMBA-induced breast cancer in mice.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, Simvastatin, Cyclin D1, C-myc, P53.}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {152-158}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.2.70}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1551-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1551-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Eivani, Mehdi and Khosronezhad, Nahi}, title = {Melissa officinalis: a memory enhancer remedy}, abstract ={Melissa officinalis (MO) is a perennial herb and it is a member of Lamiaceae family. MO is native to Europe and the leaves of the plants are used in traditional medicine for its effects on the central nervous system functions such as sedation, anxiolytic and memory enhancement. Furthermore, MO has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Convincing evidence shows that molecular changes such as oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. MO and its main ingredient, rosmarinic acid, possess robust anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Besides, animal model studies have shown that MO and rosmarinic acid can improve memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. In this review beneficial implications of MO have been discussed.}, Keywords = {Melissa officinalis, Memory impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {159-164}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.10}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1602-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1602-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {KouroshArami, Masoumeh and Komaki, Alireza and Gharibzadeh, Shahriar}, title = {Contribution of nucleus raphe magnus to thermoregulation}, abstract ={Thermoregulation is the maintenance of the core body temperature. The regulation of body temperature is one of the most important functions of the nervous system. Nucleus raphe magnus, as a central circuit coordinates the homeostatic response and maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and adjusts body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to decreasing energy homeostasis. Our aim in this review is the understanding of thermoregulation by raphe magnus in mammals. This review summarizes the basic concepts of thermoregulation and subsequently assesses the physiological responses to cold stress, including skin blood flow control, sweating, sympathetic-derived cutaneous vasoconstriction and peripheral thermoregulatory control in brown adipose tissue.}, Keywords = {Nucleus raphe magnus, Thermoregulation.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {165-173}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.20}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1556-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1556-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Dastan, Dara and Salehi, Iraj and Komaki, َAlireza and Gharib, Alireza and PoyandehRavan, Alireza and MohebiZadeh, Ali and Faraji, Nafiseh and Kheiripour, Nejat}, title = {Protective effects of the traditional herbal formulation on oxidative stress, learning and memory in the animal model of type 2 diabetes}, abstract ={Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases that affect various body systems. Cognitive impairment caused by diabetes is gaining more acceptance and attention. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a traditionally herbal formulation (THF) on oxidative stress (OS) and cognitive deficits in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control group, diabetic group, diabetic+100, 200 or 300mg/kg THF, diabetic+glibenclamide (G) 5mg/kg. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide was used to induce type-II diabetes mellitus. Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory function were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM), novel object recognition test (NORT) and open field test (OFT). The OS biomarkers were also analyzed. The THF was standardized using RP-HPLC according to phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Results: Indicated that in the diabetic treated (300mg/kg THF and G) vs. diabetic groups, body weight and insulin were significantly increased and the levels of fasting blood glucose significantly reduced. OS was improved in the treated (300mg/kg THF) groups. Furthermore, we noticed that diabetic treated groups (300mg/kg THF) vs. diabetes caused in significant decreases of the travelled distance and escape latency to find the hidden platform, also increased in the time spent and travelled distance in the target quadrant in MWM test, exploration time in NORT and total distance moved in OFT. Conclusion: These findings suggest that THF ameliorated learning and memory deficits in type 2 diabetic rats via reducing OS. THF can be used with a caution against human DM.}, Keywords = {Medicinal Herbs, Type 2 diabetes, Learning and Memory, Oxidative Stress, Morris Water Maze.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.30}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1520-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1520-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Kalantarzadeh, Elham and Radahmadi, Maryam and Reisi, Parham}, title = {Effects of different dark chocolate diets on memory functions and brain corticosterone levels in rats under chronic stress}, abstract ={Introduction: Stress influences cognitive behavior adversely, whereas dark chocolate exhibits positive effects on memory processes. This study investigated the effects of different dark chocolate diets on various aspects of brain functions in rats under chronic stress Methods: Thirty-five rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control, stress, stress with different (compulsory, optional and restricted) dark chocolate diets. Latency, dark stay (DS) time and the number of entrance to the dark compartment were respectively evaluated as memory, memory consolidation and locomotor activity by passive avoidance test. Results: There were significant differences between initial latency and latency after 1 day in all groups. In the stress-compulsory and restricted dark chocolate diet groups, latency after 1 day increased significantly. Moreover, the DS time was not significantly higher in the stressed group than the control group. The DS time and number of entrance to dark compartment decreased significantly in the stress-compulsory dark chocolate diet group compared to the stressed group. Furthermore, the number of entrance to dark compartment was significantly higher for the stress- optional dark chocolate diet compared to those with the compulsory diet. Additionally, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels, except in the frontal cortex, were significantly lower only in the stress-compulsory dark chocolate diet group compared to the stressed group. Conclusion: Different dark chocolate diets had various effects on brain functions under chronic stress. Respectively, the compulsory and optional dark chocolate diets had the best and least effects on brain function improvement. Only the compulsory dark chocolate diet could improve brain functions such as memory, memory consolidation and locomotor activity.}, Keywords = {Dark chocolate, Memory, Stress, Hippocampus, Frontal cortex.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {185-196}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.40}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1567-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1567-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sha'abani, Sanaz and Gazerani, Sasan and Ragheb, Maryam and Mirgalou-Bayat, Amir-Hossein and Huntington, Mark Kennet}, title = {Effect of minocycline on lumbar radicular pain: a prospective pilot study}, abstract ={Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Evidence suggests a role for microglia in chronic pain and inhibition of microglia leads to decrease of chronic pain intensity in animal models. Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, is a selective inhibitor of microglia. Several studies have shown pain intensity improvement by minocycline in animal model of pain, but a few studies showed effectiveness on chronic pain improvement in humans. This prospective, self-controlled clinical trial investigated whether minocycline is effective for chronic pain management. Methods: Twenty-two patients, between the ages of 20 and 80 years with radicular lumbar pain with a numerical rating scale >4, who were unresponsive to other medications and had pain duration of >6 weeks were included in the trial. Results: Pain intensity, neuropathic pain and life quality scores assessed before and after treatment. All scores showed significant improvement after 2 weeks of treatment: 56%, 74% and 14%, respectively. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest minocycline can effectively improve patients’ pain scores and quality of life, even in those with long-term duration of chronic pain and warrants further study.}, Keywords = {Minocycline, Low back radicular pain, Chronic pain.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {197-201}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.50}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1572-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1572-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Neamah, Nadheerah and NaaeemKhudair, Abdul-Razzak and Al-Jadaan, Shaker A.N}, title = {Antioxidant activity of novel selena-diazole derivative against oxidative stress induced by dipyrone in female rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Selena-diazole has antioxidant, and antitumor activities. Also selena-diazol exhibited promising antifungal, antibacterial, viral infection and neurodegenerative disease. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of a novel -(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro- [1,2,3-] selenadiazolo [4,5 e] pyridine-4,6-diyl) bis(benzene-1,3-diol) (T) against dipyrone (Di) induced oxidative stress. Methods: In vitro antioxidant using DPPH, concentrations of T and ascorbic acid (AA) at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50μg was measured. In vivo study conducted using four groups, received 50mg/kg of T or/and Di and DW for 30 days. Antioxidant estimated in vivo by serum superoxide dismutase activity (SOD); Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme GPx measured by using Rat SOD1 kit and Rat GPX1 ELISA Kit respectively. Furthermore, Malondialdehyde (MDA) is reliable biomarkers to predict oxidative stress. Results: The results indicate IC50 rate using DPPH of T compound 48.888μg/ml. GPx of T and T&Di groups were significantly increased. SOD of T was significantly increased than other groups. MDA results presented essential reduction in T group value than Di group. Conclusion: The study concluded that synthesized novel selena-diazole derivative T has a good effect as an anti-oxidant.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant, Selena-diazole, DPPH, MDA, GPx, SOD.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {202-210}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.60}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1484-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1484-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Biabangard, Abdolrahman and Khalaji, Naser and Bagheri, Morteza and Pourheydar, Bagher and AbdollahzadeFard, Ami}, title = {Possible role of glutathione peroxidase-3 and organic cation transporter-2 gene expressions in mediating protective effects of curcumin on cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity may limit the clinical use of this drug. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the possible renoprotective effect of curcumin in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1- control (0.5ml normal saline ip, daily for 10 constitutive days); 2- cisplatin (10mg/kg ip, single dose at the first day); 3- cisplatin + curcumin (10mg/kg ip, dissolved in 5% DMSO, daily for 10 constitutive days); 4- cisplatin + vehicle (5% DMSO, 0.3ml ip) and 5- curcumin (10mg/kg ip). At the end of the study, urine and blood samples were obtained for biochemical (BUN, creatinine, sodium and potassium) analysis. The right kidneys were kept in 10% formalin for H&E and TUNEL staining, and the left kidneys were used for type 2 organic cation transporter (OCT2) and type 3 glutathione peroxidase (GPx3) gene expression and malondialdehyde measurements. Results: Cisplatin significantly increased serum creatinine, BUN, potassium and kidney lipid peroxidation. However, the effect of cisplatin on Gpx3 and OCT2 gene expression was not statistically significant. Curcumin treatment decreased serum creatinine, BUN, and kidney lipid peroxidation, but increased GPx3 and OCT2 gene expression. Moreover, curcumin significantly reversed the cisplatin-induced kidney tissue injury and decreased apoptosis. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ameliorative effect of curcumin in cisplatin nephrotoxicity was assumed to be due to antioxidant effect of this agent. The role of curcumin in mediating uptake of cisplatin is still unclear.}, Keywords = {Cisplatin, Glutathione peroxidase, Organic cation transporter, Curcumin, Nephrotoxicity.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {211-220}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.70}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1543-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1543-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Kooshki, Fateme and Niazkar, Hamid Reza and Shirazi, Shabnam and AsghariAzar, Vahid and Moghimian, Maryam and Karimi, Arash}, title = {Fumaria parviflora improves liver damage and lipid profile changes in STZ-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Chemical drugs and herbal medicine play a significant role in the management of diabetes mellitus complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Fumaria parviflora as an herbal source and glibenclamide as a chemical drug, on the liver tissue of diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=32) were classified randomly into four groups (8/group), including control, diabetic (induced by 50mg/kg streptozocin), 250mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora (DFP) and 5mg/kg glibenclamide groups. After 21 days of treatment, liver tissues and blood samples were stored at -80°C to test lipid profile, liver enzymes and some oxidative stress markers. Results: In the diabetic group compared to the control group, the activities of SOD and GPx and also the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased, while the levels of malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase enhanced. Treatment with DFP and glibenclamide could manage the levels of all mentioned-parameters. Furthermore, in both treated groups, the rate of damages in the liver of rats reduced compared to the diabetic group. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the administration of DFP or glibenclamide could ameliorate the deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus on some investigated-parameters. As there were no difference between DFP and glibenclamide effects, Fumaria parviflora could be considered as an alternative drug, at least for the diabetic complications examined in this study. However, further investigation is needed.}, Keywords = {Fumaria parviflora, Glibenclamide, Diabetes Mellitus, Liver, Oxidative Stress.}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {221-229}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.3.80}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1510-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1510-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Bagherzadeh, Kowsar and Safari, Sepideh and Amanlou, Massoud and Motevalian, Manijeh}, title = {Proton pump inhibitors in Iranian population: from clinical regimens to pharmacogenomics}, abstract ={Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the highly prescribed or over-the-counter available medications among Iranians, mainly to treat conditions such as helicobacter pylori infection, gastroesophageal reflux disease or frequent heartburn. In recent years, several reports have shown potential adverse effects of PPI administration among which cardiovascular adverse events, myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease are considered as the greatest risks. Recent addition of proton pump inhibitors to the list of medications on Beers Criteria of Potentially Inappropriate Drugs has arisen significant concerns about their safety. This review aims at providing an up-to date overview of PPIs indications and their pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics in Iranian population. The focus of this review is on PPIs regimens in Iranian population and then it is compared with the reported studies performed on other ethnic groups around the world. An extensive review of the literature was carried out and data under various sections were identified using a computerized literature search via Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and some local search engines. All abstracts and full text articles were examined and most relevant papers were selected for inclusion in this review. Also several expert internalists were interviewed for their clinical experiences in this field.}, Keywords = {Proton pump inhibitors, GERD/GORD, H.Pylori, Drug regimens, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacogenomics, Iranian population.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {230-249}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.40}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1552-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1552-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Abshenas, Rokhsareh and Artimani, Tayebe and Amiri, Iraj and Shahidi, Siamak and SoleimaniAsl, Sar}, title = {Treadmill exercise improves memory and increases hippocampal BDNF in a rat model of Alzheimer\'s Disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is strongly correlated with learning and memory impairments. As exercise can enhance memory and learning, in this study, we have investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on memory impairment in amyloid β (Aβ)- treated rats focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Methods: Wistar male rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ and exercised on a treadmill for one month. Memory function was assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and avoidance learning tasks. The level of BDNF was examined by the ELISA test. Results: The results of MWM and avoidance learning tasks showed that treadmill exercise could improve Aβ- induced memory impairment significantly. Moreover, BDNF expression increased following exercise in the Aβ- treated rats. Conclusion: The present results suggested that treadmill exercise may improve memory in Alzheimer’s disease by increasing BDNF level in the hippocampus.}, Keywords = {Treadmill exercise, Alzheimer’s disease, Memory, BDNF.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {250-256}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.50}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1557-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1557-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jameie, Seyed Behnamedin and Farhadi, Mona and Gharibzad, Kameli}, title = {Protective effect of CoQ10 and Artemisia sieberi combination on PC12 cells model of 6-hydroxydopamine induced toxicity}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor function. The etiology of PD is unknown and routine therapies temporarily relieve the symptoms. Neuroprotective based therapies preserve the remaining neurons and prevent the progression of PD. Artemisia sieberi has anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects. The CoQ10 also is an antioxidant that has proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In order to study the effect of Artemisia and CoQ10 on the PD cellular model, the present research was designed. Methods: PC12 cells were treated with different concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine. Then the cells divided into the control (cells were not treated), DMSO group and experimental groups treated with the different concentrations of Artemisia sieberi extracts, CoQ10 and combination of them for 24h. The viability of the cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and p53 expression were evaluated. Results: Artemisia at a concentration of 200μg/ml and CoQ10 at a concentration of 75μg/ml significantly increased cell viability in the treated groups after 24h. Their combination showed better and more significant results compared to each alone. Hoechst staining showed significantly reduced apoptosis in treated cells. ROS generation reduced in the treated groups with better results for the combination-treated groups. The same results acquired for the expression of P53 in the treated cells. Conclusion: Regarding the results of both Artemisia and CoQ10, it could be concluded that they act synergistically with possible similar pathways. Although the Artemisia itself showed significant results, it seems that the combination method might have more therapeutic effects.}, Keywords = {Parkinson's Cell Model, Artemisia sieberi, CoQ10, Apoptosis.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {257-267}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.80}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1563-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1563-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Torabi, Nihad and Nazari, Maryam and Fahanik-Babaei, Javad and Eliassi, Afsaneh}, title = {Long-term administration of intranasal insulin improves peripheral glucose concentration in diabetic male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Experiments in rodents and humans suggest that short-term intranasal insulin administration, which is known to reach the brain, does not affect peripheral glucose concentration under diabetic conditions. Methods: In this work, we provide evidence for the effect of intranasal insulin (10 IU/rat/day for 3 or 10 days) on serum insulin and glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats using insulin measurements in the brain and periphery and a serum glucose assay 18 hours after three or ten days of nasal insulin administration. Results: Our findings revealed peripheral insulin increased and glucose level decreased in the diabetic male rats. Based on insulin kinetics, it seems that brain insulin directly or indirectly regulates serum insulin and glucose metabolism under diabetic conditions. Conclusion: Our results may suggest an insight into the therapeutic benefits of nasal insulin in diabetes.}, Keywords = {Brain insulin, Diabetes, Intranasal insulin, Peripheral insulin, Peripheral glucose.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {268-275}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.70}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1577-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1577-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hasani, Sahar and Ghasemi, Hassan and Ranjbar, Akram and Ghahremani, Reza and Heidarianpour, Ali and Abotalebian, Hadis and Gharib, Alireza and Kheiripour, Nejat}, title = {Protective effect of zinc sulfate and continuous/interval training on liver oxidative stress in morphine-withdrawal syndrome in rats}, abstract ={Introduction: In this study, the effect of zinc sulfate (ZS) supplement and eight-week continuous training (CT) and interval training (IT) on liver oxidative stress of morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome (WS) were evaluated. Methods: Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control rats, withdrawing rats (WS), withdrawing rats receiving 9mg/kg ZS orally (WS+Z), withdrawing rats under CT (WS+CT), withdrawing rats under IT (WS+IT), withdrawing rats under CT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+CT), withdrawing rats under IT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+IT). Animals were addicted by 0.4g/l morphine sulfate in 21 days. Animals in the training groups ran on a treadmill and received ZS 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, oxidative stress in liver tissue and liver enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric and ELISA methods. Results: ZS supplement, CT/IT led to decrease DNA damage and malondialdehyde in comparison with morphine group. Also, ZS, CT and IT significantly elevated levels in superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity and thiol groups in the liver of rats in comparison with morphine group. Additionally, it is observed that ZS and CT/IT made a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase levels in comparison to the morphine group. Conclusion: CT/IT with ZS because of its antioxidant effects has the potential to be used for decreased withdrawal syndrome complications.}, Keywords = {Zinc Sulfate, Continuous Training, Interval Training, Morphine, Withdrawal Syndrome, Liver.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {276-284}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.10}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1541-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1541-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdolmajid and khoshsirat, shahrokh and Peyvandi, Ali Asghar and Rezaei, Omidvar and ZareMehrjardi, Fatemeh and Nahavandi, Arezo and Niknazar, Somayeh}, title = {Ginkgo biloba modulates hippocampal BDNF expression in a rat model of chronic restraint stress-induced depression}, abstract ={Introduction: Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders have been affecting a relatively high proportion of the world's population. Neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression proposes that lack of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can cause structural changes in the brain. The extract of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) leaves can restore much of the damage in the nervous system. We examined the antidepressant role of Gb extract (EGb 761) on BDNF expression modulation in the hippocampus of rats subjected to repeated restraint stress (RRS). Methods: Adult male rats were randomly divided into 10 groups: control, control-vehicle treated, stress, stress-vehicle treated, as well as three control and three experimental groups pretreated with EGb (15, 30, 60mg/kg, IP daily) for 21 days. They underwent restraint stress on a daily basis, 6 hours for 21 consecutive days. Weight changes, locomotor activity and forced swim test (FST) were employed to assess depressive-like symptoms. The serum corticosterone level was also measured by ELISA. Hippocampal BDNF DNA methylation and protein expression were assayed by methylation sensitive restriction enzymes (Real Time PCR) and Western-blotting respectively in all groups. Results: Pre-treatment with 30 and 60 mg/kg/day of Gb extract significantly attenuated depressive-like effects in the body weight, FST and serum corticosterone level in RSS rats compared to control groups. Further, it inhibited chronic stress-induced alterations in the hippocampal BDNF DNA methylation and protein expression. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Gb can induce an antidepressant role through its modulation effect on the hippocampal BDNF expression.}, Keywords = {Repeated restraint stress, Ginkgo biloba, Depression, DNA Methylation, BDNF expression.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {285-297}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.20}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1554-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1554-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Karami, Hassan and Moosavi, Maryam and Derakhshani, Afshin and Miri-Moghaddam, Ebrahim and Touma, Marlin and Baradaran, Behzad and Alizadeh, Nazila and MashhadiAbdolahi, Hossein and Hajiasgharzadeh, Khalil and Safarpour, Hossei}, title = {Network-based analysis reveals the potential involvement of proteasome subunit alpha-2 in tetralogy of Fallot}, abstract ={Introduction: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic form of congenital heart defects. However, there is no effective therapeutic approach and current therapies have limited curative efficacy. Moreover, the exact etiology of TOF has remained largely unknown. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms can give an insight into TOF pathogenesis and development of therapeutic approaches. Methods: Here, we conducted a systematic study on the right ventricular myocardium of 24 infants (16 ToF/8 control) using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify meaningful modules or candidate biomarkers. Results: Co-expression network analysis by WGCNA suggested that a highly preserved turquoise module with 2,493 genes and a P-value of 3×10-11 was significantly correlated to TOF. The top 5 hub genes of this module were PSMA2, MYL12A, C11ORF71, COMMD6, and CREG1. The result of turquoise module enrichment showed that the most correlation topic in biological processes and KEGG pathways were positive regulation of cardiac neural crest migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis and positive regulation of neural crest cell differentiation. Also, we recognized 4 FDA-approved drug candidates for other indications could potentially use for the treatment of TOF patients through regulation of two hub genes of the co-expression network (PSMA2 and NDUFA4). Our findings also showed that the 13 experimentally validated microRNAs regulated the co-expression network through 5 hub genes. Conclusion: We systematically recognized co-expressed gene modules and hub genes associated with TOF progression, which offered insights into the mechanisms underlying TOF progression and some potential drugs for the treatment of TOF.}, Keywords = {Congenital Heart Defects, Tetralogy of Fallot, Systems Biology, miRNAs, Drug Repositioning.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {298-313}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.90}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1564-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1564-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {ChibuikeIkwuka, David and Nwobodo, Ed and Anyaehie, Bond U and Umegbolu, Emmanuel l}, title = {Hematological and histological effect of fractionated neem leaf extract in healthy Wistar rats}, abstract ={Introduction: In recent years, the growing research towards new drugs has been targeted on plant-based drugs, and Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the plants that have been extensively researched for its diverse medicinal properties. The study aimed to determine the effects of neem on the hematological parameters (total white blood cells, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil counts) and histology of some organs of rats. Methods: Fifteen healthy male Wister rats divided into control (Nm0) and experimental groups (Nm11 and Nm22). Control group 1 (Nm0) was given 100mg/200g body weight of normal saline orally twice daily; experimental group 2 (Nm11), 100mg/200g body weight neem extract twice daily for 11 days and experimental group 3 (Nm22), 100mg/200g neem leaf extract twice daily for 22 days. Total number of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, packed cell volumes (PCV) and histological changes in the spleen, liver and kidneys were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences in mean values of the hematological parameters (total WBC; PCV; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils). We observed the central vacuolation and accumulation of lymphocytes in the spleen, hypertrophy of the central vein in the liver and shrinking of the glomeruli and accumulation of the lymphocytes in the kidney using hematoxylin and eosin staining following prolonged administration of neem extract (Nm22). Conclusion: Prolonged administration of neem affected the histology of some organs of the rats more than the hematological parameters.}, Keywords = {Hematological, Histological, IRACARP®, Toxicity, Neem}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {314-321}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.60}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1560-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1560-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Fathalipour, Mohammad and Delnavazi, Mohammad-Reza and Safa, Omid and Zarifinia, Nasser and Rafiee, Bahare}, title = {Antioxidant and antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic root extract of Asparagus officinalis L.}, abstract ={Introduction: Asparagus officinalis L. is a medicinal plant, which contains various natural bioactive phytochemicals with potential different pharmacological activities. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and antinociceptive activities of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from asparagus roots. Methods: The plant material was extracted using ethanol 70% and preliminary phytochemical analyses were carried out. The in vitro antioxidant effects of the plant extract were evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and total reducing ability compared to the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a standard control. The antinociceptive effects were also assessed using formalin and tail-flick test in male Wistar rats. Results: The plant extract was relatively rich in flavonoids. The IC50 value for DPPH scavenging activity of the extract (1117.65±14.26 μg/ml) was significantly higher than that of BHT (64.35±4.09 μg/ml). The plant extract exerted a significantly lower total reducing ability compared to that of BHT. The extract exhibited a significant antinociceptive effect at the early stage of formalin test in the dose of 500mg/kg intraperitoneally. The results of tail-flick test also demonstrated antinociceptive effects compared to control in a dose-dependent manner. However, these antinociceptive activities were not comparable with morphine as a reference agent. Conclusion: A. officinalis roots extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant and antinociceptive activities and it might be attributed to its flavonoids content.}, Keywords = {Asparagus officinalis, Hydroalcoholic extract, Antioxidant, Antinociceptive.}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {322-330}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/ppj.24.4.30}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1511-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1511-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2020} }