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Instructions for Authors
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Letter to the Editor
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Effect of electrical lesion of amygdala basolateral-lateral nuclei on the piriform cortex
kindled seizures in rats
P Shahabi1, SJ Mirnajafi-Zadeh1, Y Fathollahi1, N Hosseinmardi1, ME Rezvani1, A Eslamifar2 and Z Deljou2Abstract:Amygdala and piriform cortex have critical role in temporal lobe seizures and determination of their precise rolein these kinds of seizures is very important. In this study the effect of electrical lesion of amygdale basolaterallateralnuclei on the piriform cortex kindled seizures was investigated.Rats were kindled by daily electrical stimulation of piriform cortex. In the first experiment fully kindled animalsreceived intra-amygdala 2% lidocaine (for reversal neuronal inhibition) bilaterally. Five min later, animals werestimulated and seizure parameters were measured. In second experiment, the amygdala of kindled animals waslesioned by electrical DC current bilaterally and animals were stimulated 24 h later. Daily stimulations of theseanimals continued for 5 days after lesion.Intra-amygdala lidocaine reduced the kindled seizures severity. There were significant increase in stage 4 latencyand decrease in stage 5 duration. Amygdala lesion reduced the seizures severity more dramatically and all seizureparameters with except to seizure stage were reduced significantly. The significant reduction in seizure parameterswas observed for 4 days after amygdala lesion.The basolateral-lateral amygdala neuronal activity has a critical role in propagation of epileptic seizures frompiriform cortex. Elimination of this activity decreases the severity of piriform cortex kindled seizures. However,this decrease is temporally and several days later (probably because of other brain regions activation) the seizureparameters return to their control values.Keywords: Seizure, Piriform cortex, Amygdala, Electrical lesion, lidocaine. 1. Dept. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.2. Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran.
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The Role of Ca2+ and K+ channels in regulation the pattern of spontaneous activity
in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
The Role of Ca2+ and K+ channels in regulation the pattern of spontaneous activityin cerebellar Purkinje cells.H Haghdoost Yazdi, M Janahmadi and G BehzadiDept. Physiology and Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine,Shaheed Beheshti Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran, Iran.Abstract:The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of movement and maintenance of balance. Purkinje cells (PCs) areprinciple neurons of anatomically well defined cerebellar modules and it is proposed that coordination of movementis achieved by encoding timing signals in the rate of firing and pattern of activity these cells. Understanding ofcerebellar timing requires an appreciation of the intrinsic firing behavior of PCs.In order to determine how changes in membrane biophysics including Ca2+ and K+ channels activity influencethe electrical activity of Purkinje neurons, intracellular recording from acutely prepared cerebellar slices wasperformed. PCs fired spontaneously bursts of calcium or sodium-calcium spikes which were separated by1Physiology and PharmacologyKeywords: Purkinje Neurons, Firing Pattern, Brain Slices, Intracellular Recording, Apamin, DTXquiescent- interburst periods. They also showed long lasting bursts and long silence periods. Cadmium, a wildrange of Ca2+ channels blocker, resulted in an elimination of calcium spikes while left the sodium action potentialintact. Blockade potassium channels by 4-AP and TEA improved the spontaneous activity and limited silenceperiod. 4-AP also prolonged the burst and interburst period and decreased the firing frequency. On the otherhand, apamin, a neurotoxin from bee venom, known to selectively block small conductance of calcium activatedpotassium channels (SK), and α-dendrotoxin (DTX), specific blocker of Kv1 channels, shortened the burstand interburst duration. DTX and apamin also increased the frequency of burst occurrence and DTX decreasesintraburst frequency.In conclusion, with the data presented it is fair to state that intrinsic membrane properties including K+ channelsactivity, seem to play important roles in the formation of firing patterns in Purkinje neurons.
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Sex difference in morphine withdrawal signs during course of addiction
in male and female rats.
H Zangiabadi1, F Motamedi1, P Rostami2, H Manaheji1 and S Danyali11. Dept. Physiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran, Iran.2. Dept. Biology, Tarbiat Moaalem University, Tehran, IranAbstract:There are controversial reports about the sex differences in pain perception and morphine withdrawal signsfollowing acute and chronic morphine administration. Therefore, the difference in withdrawal signs duringtime-courses of induction of morphine addiction is still of interest. In the present study the sex difference inthe perception of acute, chronic and interphase pain of formalin test following chronic morphine administrationfor 10, 15, 20, and 26 days has been investigated. Also the severity of morphine dependence was assessed byobserving withdrawal signs induced by naloxone hydrochloride in different days of addiction process.The addicted and control animals (n=8 per group) received morphine sulfate and sucrose, respectively, in theirdrinking water.Our results showed that acute and interphase pain was higher in female rats receiving morphine for 10, 20, 26 days,in comparison with similar treated male rats but there were not differences in chronic pain perception betweentwo sexes. Some morphine withdrawal signs like abdominal contractions and writhing were significantly higherin female rats but other withdrawal signs including diarrhea, teeth chattering, ptosis, restlessness and weight losswere not different.It may be concluded that the acute and interphase pain of formalin test and some withdrawal signs of addictedfemale rats are higher than addicted male rats. This might be due to differences of central nervous systemsensitivities with respect to morphine consumption in both sexes.Keywords: Sex differences, morphine dependence, withdrawal signs, formalin test.
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Comparison of effects of two anesthetic drugs, urethan and ketamine-rompane on basal,
histamine-, carbachol-, and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion in male rats
A Ghanbari and A EliassiDept. Physiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Abstract:Urethan inhibits basal and histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion (GAS). Also, ether induces similar effect on thebasal and stimulated acid output. Anesthetized animals are often used in studies of regulatory mechanisms of GAS.Therefore, considering the effect of anesthetic drugs on the acid secretion is very important. The aim of this study is tocompare the effects of anesthetic drugs, ketamine-rompane and urethan, on basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion.For all gastric sampling, animals were anesthetized and a polyethylene tube was introduced into the stomachthrough esophagus and a cannula was inserted into the pyloroduodenal junction and passed up into the stomachfor saline injection and aspiration of gastric secretion, respectively. Our experiments revealed that basal acidoutput significantly reduced in rats given urethan compared to ketamine-rompane treated rats (P < 0.001). Also,intravenous infusion of histamine (0.5 mg/100 g/hr) and pentagastrin (2 microgram/100 g/hr) induced markedincrease in acid secretion with a peak response that was started from min 30 and continued up to the end ofexperiments (min 90). Intravenous infusion of carbachol (1 microgram/100 g/ hr) induces marked increase in acidsecretion with a peak response that was started from min 10 and continued up to min 90. In all groups, urethancompared with ketamine-rompane significantly reduced the stimulated gastric acid secretion.Keywords: Pentagasterine.Urethan, Ketamine, Anesthetized rat(s), Stimulated gastric acid secretion, Carbachol, Histamine,
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The effect of morphine dependency on spatial learning and memory in male rat
A Pourmotabbed1, M Tahmassian1, M Shahi1, H Karami Darabkhani1 and Y Fathollahi21. Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah.2. Dept. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.Abstract:The effect of morphine dependency on learning and memory is controversial. In the present study, the male rats wereused to evaluate the effects of morphine dependency on spatial learning and memory. Dependent animals receivedmorphine sulfate in drinking water for 20-30 days. Experiments were performed in two parts using Morris Water Maze(MWM). In part one, the effect of morphine dependency in normal and cold water was considered. In this part, animalswere divided into four groups in simple randomized manner. The first two groups (control and dependent), were studiedin normal water (20± 2 ◦C), and two another groups, were studied in cold water (10-12◦ C). Animals were studiedin MWM from day 21. In part two, rats were divided into two groups (withdrawal-normal and withdrawal-cold) toevaluate the effect of withdrawal of morphine. The condition was similar to the first part of experiments, but applicationof morphine was stopped from day 21. 48 h later, experiments in MWM was begun. In each group of animals, theparameters of spatial learning and memory were analyzed. Data were subjected to t-test and ANOVA.The results showed: 1- Morphine dependency facilitated spatial learning and memory in MWM. 2- Cold waterKeywords: Morphine dependency, Morris Water Maze, Spatial learning and memory, Withdrawal syndrome.reduced swim speed but facilitated the formation of spatial memory. 3-Cold water abolished the effect of morphineon spatial learning but facilitated the effect on formation of spatial memory. 4- Withdrawal syndrome reversed theeffects of morphine dependency. The mechanism(s) underling the phenomenon remains to be elucidated.
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Comparison of the effects of Vitamin E and Ibuprofen on the severity
of primary dysmenorrheal.
M Farahmand1, S Zahedi-Asl1, Z Abbaspour2 and A Rasekh31. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran, Iran.2. School of Nursing, Ahwaz Univ. Med. Sci., Ahwaz, Iran.3. Dept. Statistic, Shaheed Chamran Univ. Ahwaz, Iran.Abstract:Primary dysmenorrhea has relatively high incidence which can influence the well being and activities of the sufferers.An clinical trial cross-over study was designed to compare the effectiveness of Vitamin E and Ibuprofen on onreducing the severity of dysmenorrhea symptoms. Seventy five female students, aged between 18-22 (X+SE) whowere suffering from primary dysmenorrhea were recruited. After having written consent they were divided in twogroups of 40 and 35 and were received 500 units of Vit E ( 2 tablets of 400 and 100 units) and 1200 mg Ibuprofen(400 mg TDS) per day respectively. Treatment with Vit. E was started 2 days before the beginning of menstruationand continued until the first day of bleeding (3 days in total) and Ibuprofen was administered only during the first24 hours of mence (only one day. Monitoring was carried out fore 2 consecutive cycles in both groups, crossoverwas carried out and observation was continued for another 2 cycles.The result of this study indicate that both vitamin E and Ibuprofen could reduce the severity of the pain similarly ,nevertheless but Vit E consumption, complications such as digestive disorders and fatigue were significantly less comparedto Ibuprofen. It appears that Ibuprofen could be replaced by Vit. E in reducing complications of dysmenorrhea.Keywords: Pain, Primary dysmenorrhea, Ibuprofen, Vitamin E.
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Protective and therapeutic effects of Curcuma longa powder on the CCL4 inducedhepatic damage
M Alizadeh, M Fereidoni, N Mahdavi and A MoghimiDepartment of Biology, Ferdowsi Univ., Mashhad, Iran.fereidoni@yahoo.comAbstract:Curcuma longa to treat some diseases such as skin inflammation and trauma, bile disorders, diabetes and cancer, especiallythrough Asia and India. Antioxidant properties and therapeutic effects of turmeric have been reported inseveral literatures. Curcumin as theTurmeric effective substance is used frequently in the investigations butsince people are usually using the turmeric powder, this study was performed by administration of its powder. Curcuma longa powder was applied to the animals, and it was followed by post treatment of the powder afterCurcuma longa powder on the hepatocyteKeywords: Turmeric, Aspartate Amino Transferase, Alanine Amino Transferase, Hepatocyte.Wistar male rats were used as experimental animals (n=6) in this study. Plasma Aspartate Amino Transferase(AST) and Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) levels were measured before and 24 h, one week and two weeksafter i.p. injection of CCL4 (0.005 cc/kg), dissolved in liquid paraffin (0.5 cc/kg). In sham control group, animalswere treated only by the vehicle. To investigate the therapeutic effects of the turmeric, in post treatment group,animals were orally treated with turmeric rhizome powder (4 g/kg/day) after CCL4 injection. To investigate boththe protective and therapeutic effects of the turmeric in pre and post-treatment group, 15 days oral pretreatmentof CCL4 injection for several days. To investigate the protective effects of the turmeric in pre-treatment group,treatment was as same as the previous group, except the post treatment.In comparison to sham control, AST and ALT levels in the control group significantly increased 24 hrs after CCL4treatment and remained high until the last measurement (p<0.001), but there were no significant differences betweensham control and other three groups. In the histophysiological study, vacuolar state, hepatocyte lipofication and necrosiswere chosen as hepatocytotoxicity criterions, in comparison to sham control group, hepatocytotoxicity was obvious, butthere were no hepatocytotoxicity in the pre- and pre+post-treated groups, 24 and 48 h after CCL4 injection.The results showed possible therapeutic and protective effects of damage induced by CCl4.(turmeric) powder is used abundantly as spice. Turmeric has also been traditionally applied
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Effects of Papaver rhoeas extract on the expression and development of morphineinduced
behavioral sensitization in mice
H Sahraei1, Z Faghih-Monzavi2, SM Fatemi2, S Pashaei-Rad3, J Shams4 and H Ghoshooni11. Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran, Iran.2. Dept. Biology, School of Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad Univ. Tehran, Iran.3. Dept. Biology, School of Sciences, Shaheed Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran.4. Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran, Iran.Abstract:Opioid addiction is one of the main problems for the health services. In the present study, the effects of water-alcoholextract of investigated.Mice became sensitized (5 mg/kg, once daily, for three consecutive days s.c.) or tolerate (50 mg/kg, twice dailyfor three consecutive days s.c.) to morphine and the extract before the morphine injection (acquisition) or on thetest day (expression) was administrated to them. In a pilot study, different doses of morphine and the extract wereadministered to the animals in order to evaluate if the drugs can produce any locomotion effects.Results showed that: subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (0.5-50 mg/kg) increased locomotoractivity in the animals. The response was more significant in dose 50 mg/kg of morphine. On the other hand,intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the plant extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) did not show any effect. Dailyinjection of morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.) for three consecutive days and then five days resting induced sensitizationin the animals, so that the morphine sensitized animals showed an extra ordinary response to the ineffectivedose of morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.). Injection of extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the morphineadministration decreased the acquisition of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. Administration of the Papaver rhoeas can reduced both the acquisition and expression ofKeywords: Morphine, Behavioral Sensitization and Tolerance, Mouse, Papaver rhoeasplant extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the test, also decreased the expression of morphineinducedbehavioral sensitization. Injection of morphine (50 mg/kg twice daily) for three consecutive daysinduced tolerance in the animals, so that the morphine tolerated animals did not show any response to theeffective dose of morphine (50 mg/kg s.c.). Injection of extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min beforethe morphine administration decreased the acquisition of morphine-induced tolerance. Administration of theplant extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the test, increased the expression of morphine-inducedbehavioral tolerance.It could be concluded that the extract of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and also the acquisition of morphine tolerance but enhances theexpression of morphine tolerance in mice which may be true in the human.Papaver rhoeas on the expression and acquisition of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization were
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Effect of finastride, an inhibitor of 5 α-reductase, on physical dependence induced by
chronic administration of morphine in male rats
J Verdi and A AhmadianiDept. Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. Med. Sci.,Tehran, Iran.Abstract:Tolerance and dependence are two main problems which have limited morphine administration as an analgesicdrug. Following acute and chronic administration of morphine changes in the level of sex steroids and the activityof calcium channels are reported. The enzyme 5 α-reductase plays a pivotal role in the conversion of testosteroneto dehydrotestosterone and therefore reduces the testosterone levels. In this investigation, we tried to study theeffects of acute and chronic administration of finastride (inhibitor of 5 α-reductase) on morphine dependence inthe male rats.Morphine dependency was induced by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of morphine for 4 days (20, 30, 40 and40 mg/kg respectively at days 1-4). Physical dependence to morphine was observed following administration ofnaloxone (2 mg/kg-i.p., day 5).Acute administration of finastride at 5th day (5 mg/kg-i.p., twice with 2 hours interval), decreased allwithdrawal signs significantly, while the administration the vehicle, caster oil, did not. Chronic administrationof finastride prior to daily administration of morphine during days 1-4 significantly decreased all withdrawalsigns at the day 5. This finding indicates that inhibition of testosterone metabolism in the CNS usingfinastride may be able to modulate the withdrawal sings expression and prevents the development of physicaldependence.Keywords: 5 alpha-reductase, Finastride, Dependence, Morphine
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The effect of baclofen on the amount of milk production and its composition in Holstein cows
R Khakpai11 and H Khazali21. Dept. Biology, Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.2. School of Agricultural sciences, Tarbiat Modares Univ. Tehran, Iran.Abstract:This research was done to determine the effect of baclofen - GABAB receptor agonist - on milk production andits composition.Twelve Holstein cows were divided to four groups, and in each groups 25, 50, 75 and 100 [mg/ (kg/b.w.)]baclofen were daily injected for four days. Cows were daily milked once a day in sterile milking room for tendays. Milk compositions were measured and recorded by Milko-Scan machinery. This study indicated that thistreatments increased milk yield 17, 14, 15 and 16 percent, respectively (p<0.01). Protein, lactose and dry matterpercent did not change significantly in any treatments. However, fat percent significantly increased (p<0.01).The results of this study suggest that baclofen increases milk production and fat percent however, it does not haveany effect on other milk compositions.Keywords: GABA, Baclofen, Milk production, Milk composition, Dairy cows.
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The effects of intra-locus coeruleus injection of dopamine D1 receptor
agents on naloxone-induced withdrawal signs
I Mirzaii Dizgah1, SM Karimian1, MR Zarrindast2, H Sohanaki11. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Abstract:Opiate-induced addiction is one of the main problems of mankind societies and its treatment is one of the healthpriorities of community. Therefore, relative studies would be very crucial. The exact mechanism of dependenceto opiates and their withdrawal syndrome remain unclear. It seems that dopaminergic system and locus coeruleus(LC) have an important role in the somatic signs expression of opioids withdrawal syndrome. In the presentstudy, the effects of different D1 dopaminergic receptor agonist and antagonist administration into the LC on theexpression of withdrawal signs of morphine dependence in rats were studied.Rats were divided into 8 groups (n=8). Two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the LC. After1 weak recovery, 7 groups rendered dependent to morphine (subcutaneously) during a 7 day period and nondependentanimals were received saline with the same protocol. Animals received bilateral intra-LC injections ofsaline, SKF38393 (D1 agonist) or SCH23390 (D1 antagonist) before naloxone injection about 24 hours after thelast dose of morphine or saline. Total withdrawal score as an index of withdrawal syndrome were decreased bySKF38393 (2, 4 μg/site) but not by SCH23390. It is concluded that the D1 dopaminergic system in the LC maybe involved in the morphine induced dependency in rats.Keywords: SCH23390.Withdrawal Syndrome, Dopamine, Morphine, dependence, Naloxone, Locus coeruleus, SKF38393,Physiology and Pharmacology7
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Study of clinical signs and hematological alterations after intramuscular injection of
different doses of Vipera lebetina venom in dogs
S Jafari Shoorijeh and AN TaghipourFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.Abstract:Sixteen healthy native dogs aged about 2 years with average body weight of 22.5selected for this study. Dogs were divided randomly into four groups (4 dogs/group). Clinical signs were recordedand blood samples were collected for laboratory examination before injection of venom. The control group wasinjected with 1ml of saline solution and the groups 2-4 respectively received 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of the venompowder of dog. Clinical signs were recorded and blood samples were collected at different time (10, 20, 30 and 60 minutesand 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours) after injection of venom examined for sedimentation rate, WBC count, number ofneutrophils, RBC and platelet count, HCT, Hb concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, bleeding and clotting time,PT and PTT. The results were analyzed statistically.Results indicated that the main clinical signs were pain, pawing, weakness, whimpering, leash chewing, subcutaneoushemorrhage, hypotension and death in dogs in high doses. Heart and respiratory rate and body temperature in dogs ofgroups 2, 3 and 4 increased after injection of snake venom (P<0.05) which could be related to pain, stress and tissuedamage at the site of venom injection. This resulted in an increase in body temperature due to release of pyrogenicsubstances especially in dogs of group 4. Number of white blood cells (WBC) decreased significantly (P<0.05)which could be related to stress and accumulation of white blood cells in the foci of exogenic factor and consumptionof WBC and tissues damage. Comparison of means of platelets, indicated a significant difference in dogs of thegroup 3 (P<0.05). Primary decrease in the platelets of dogs is due to consumption of platelets in blood circulation atthe site of venom injection and hemorrhage then increased due to body replacement. A significant increase (P<0.05)in coagulation, prothrombin and partial thromoplastin time in dogs of groups 3 and 4 was observed. This increasecould be related to anticoagulant factor of the venom of this snake, which showed its effects in high doses.It is concluded that in addition to clinical signs and hematological changes, coagulopathy and hemolysis in highdoses of ±1.5 kg of both sexes wereVipera lebetina dissolved in 1 ml saline solution, injected into the hind limb (biceps femoris) of eachVipera lebetina venom were the main effects on hematological parameters in this respect.Keywords: Snake venom, Vipera lebetina, Clinical signs, Hematological, Parameters, Dog.
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Evaluation of acupuncture effects on muscle ability following sciatic nerve injury in dog
D Sharifi1, J Bakhtiari1, HR Fattahian1, V Babapour2, M Sarhadi1 and HR Taghavi31. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran3. Science and Technology Unit, Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Abstract:The effects of electro-acupuncture on the canine muscle power were evaluated experimentally.The study was conducted on 10 adult breed dogs. Dogs were subsequently divided to two groups of (controland experimental) 5 dogs each. Anesthesia was induced and afterwards the right sciatic nerve was exposed in all Keywords: Acupuncture, Sciatic nerve, Muscle atrophy, Dog.dogs and crushed in full thickness, using artery forceps for 5 seconds. The experimental group was subjected toacupuncture therapeutic regimen, daily for ten minutes for two weeks. The electromyography (EMG) was donefrom semimembranosus (S1) and semitendinosus (S2) Extensor (Ext) and Flexor (Flex) muscles before and after14, 28 and 45 post-operative days.EMG recording showed significant differences in muscle force in S1 and S2 in the experimental group incomparison with the control.Finally, evaluation of electroacupuncture effects showed to be helpful to reduce muscle atrophy.
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Comparing the rate of carpal tunnel syndrome between 100 female students and 100
women with other occupation.
H Nemati, A Nazari and E JalaliDept. of Physiology, Mashhad Univ. Med. Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Abstract:Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical entity characterized with pain, paresthesias, and numbness in the distributionof the median nerve with weakness and atrophy of the thenar muscle in advanced cases. It is universally accepted thatCTS is the clinical concordate of compression of the median nerve as it pass through the carpal channel. It is reported tobe the most common of the entrapment neuropathies. Increasing evidence suggests that occupational factors, includingforceful use of the hands repetitive use of wrist hands, and hand-arm vibration, are etiologic for CTS. When occurringas result of occupational exposure, the term “worked related carpal tunnel syndrome” is applied.In this study, we have randomly chosen and examined 100 university female students without any hard work and100 women with various occupations (dentist, carpet- weaver, tailor, surgeon, housewife, etc) for having CTSwith neurography.The neurography test showed that 3 female students and 29 working and housewife women were suffering fromthis syndrome (the ratio were about 1/10). Nerve conduction velocity have been decreased significantly and distalnerve latency have been increased significantly (p<0.001) in subjects with CTS. There was a direct relationshipbetween having CTS and wrist activity (χThe results showed that the rate of CTS increases in women with higher wrist activity.2= 25.1, p<0.001).Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy, Carpal tunnel syndrome, NCV.
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Study of the level of blood pressure in subjects older than eighteen years in Mashhad
MH Boskabadi1, M Emadzadeh1, A Hassanzadeh1, N Salimi1 and S Hajizadeh21. Dept. Physiology, Mashhad Univ. Med. Sci., Mashhad, Iran.2. Dept. Physiology, Tarbiat Modares Univ., Tehran, Iran.Abstract:It is known that ethnical and genetic factors influence the blood pressure (BP). Therefore, determination of highblood pressure is depending on normal blood pressure of different ethnics. Keywords: Blood pressure, MashhadIn the present study BP of 704 randomly selected subjects aged 18 year and over including 336 male and 368female were measured in the city of Mashhad.The results showed that in the studied population, systolic (S), diastolic (D), and mean (M) BP were 125.44±17.83,82.67±12.05, and 96.93±12.72 mmHg respectively. SBP, DBP and MBP in female subjects were significantlylower than male subjects (p<0.001 for all cases). There were significant positive correlation between SBP, DBP,and MBP with both age and body mass index (BMI). However, there was not any correlation between bloodpressure and degree of exercise habit among studied population. The distribution of hypertension in populationof the city of Mashhad was different with those of rarely reported for some other cities of Iran and also someother countries. Some of these differences seemed to be statistically significant. 20.9% of the studied populationhad hypertension, which were divided into isolated systolic hypertension (5.8%), isolated diastolic hypertension(7.1%) and both (8%).The results of these studies showed the distribution of blood pressure and hypertension among a randomly selectedpopulation of the city of Mashhad.
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A2C8 and MC2B8 Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Plasminogen inhibit
Fibrinolytic System
A Maleki1, M Mirshahi2, AA Pourfathollah1 and K Mansouri11. Dep. Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.2. Dep. Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Abstract:In the present study the effects of two antiplasminogen monoclonal antibodies A2C8 and MC2B8 on the activationof the fibrinolytic system was studied.For this purpose, after separate steps like the culture of antibody producing hybridoma cells, their injection tomice, and purification of antibodies from ascites fluid, the effects of these antibodies was studied with variousmethods. Primary observation with pooled plasma showed that these antibodies in the presence of plasminogenactivators (t-PA, u-PA and SK) can inhibit the activation of fibrinolytic system. According the results obtainedfrom D-dimer assay, the inhibition effects of these antibodies is dose dependent. The other test that performedwith S-2251 synthetic substrate showed that the activation of plasminogen in the presence of Urokinase and in theresult, deterioration of this substrate was decreased in the presence of A2C8 and MC2B8 antibodies.In the present study we evaluated the effects and mechanism of two antiplasminogen monoclonal antibodies A2C8and MC2B8 on the activation of the fibrinolytic system in the presence of plasminogen activators.Keywords: Fibrinolytic system, Plasminogen, Monoclonal antibody, Plasminogen activators.
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