en jalali 1402 6 1 gregorian 2023 9 1 27 3 online 1 fulltext

en Glucocorticoids are widely employed for treating various disorders, but their administration is associated with multiple adverse effects. To study and understand these side effects, preclinical animal models have been developed. Experimental models that replicate essential aspects of human diseases offer valuable tools for assessing potential therapeutic agents and elucidating molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. In this review, we provide an overview of various animal models in which glucocorticoids have been utilized to induce humanlike disorders across different body systems. These disorders encompass hypertension, skin atrophy, hair loss, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, gastric mucosal damage, growth retardation, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, depression-like behavior, glaucoma, and cataracts. Animal Experimentation, Glucocorticoid, Mice, Model, Rat 211 233 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-13-1764-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/31 1401/5/9 2022/12/3 1401/9/12 Azadeh Mesripour Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran a_mesripour@pharm.mui.ac.ir 00319475328460034270 0000000331505581 No Mansooreh Asghari-Varzaneh Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran mnfa2asghari@gmail.com 00319475328460034271 0000000294218769 No Leila Safaeian Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran leila_safaeian@pharm.mui.ac.ir 00319475328460034272 0000000278113406 Yes

en The term “Smart hospital” is a highly comprehensive concept and it has not received the attention it deserves among researchers, as it is more than using a smart tool in a hospital. This study was designed to conduct a review of smart hospitals. In this systematic review, 808 studies were identified using keywords through searches on PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Scopus and IEEE databases. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria (705 based on abstracts and titles and 35 after reading full texts) and removing duplicates (43), 25 studies were included in this review. Geographically, of the majority of the articles were from Asia (60%). The highest number of publications was observed in 2012 and 2020. A multidisciplinary team was involved in 72% of the research, and 68% were conducted in more than one research center. Most articles have been published in Q1 quality journals (48%), and high-income countries accounted for the largest percentage (56). Notably, 32% of these studies focused on patient care. RFID technology was the most used technology, featured in 66.67% of the studies, which primarily centered on the implementation of smart hospitals. It should be noted that development or implementation of a smart device in a hospital should not be equated with the implementation of a smart hospital and it is far beyond that. Smart Hospital,Digital Hospital,Smart Device,Smart Health 234 243 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-13-1778-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/22 1401/5/31 2022/12/32022/11/27 1401/9/6 Marjan Rasoulian Kasrineh Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran rasouliankm2@mums.ac.ir 00319475328460033281 0000000211808553 No Nahid Sharifzadeh Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran sharifzadehn9@mums.ac.ir 00319475328460033282 0000000153073877 No Moslem taheri soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com 00319475328460033283 0000000251657569 No Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran TabatabaeiMH@mums.ac.ir 00319475328460033284 0000000231538968 Yes

en Introduction: Light-dark cycles regulate the body’s physiological activity; hence, marked changes in these cycles could lead to conditions with impaired brain functions and disrupted moods (e.g., stress). Therefore, this study compared the impact of stress due to various photoperiodic durations on anxiety-like behavior, learning, memory, locomotor activity and memory consolidation in rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups with different light(L)-dark(D) cycles: L20/D4, L16/D8, L12/D12 (control), L8/D16 and L4/D20 groups. After14 days, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests were performed to assess the anxiety-like behaviors and brain functions. Results: The percentage of spent time, number of entries to the open arm of the EPM test and the entrance latency to the dark room of the PA test decreased significantly in the L20/D4 and L4/D20 groups; however, the reduction of latency to enter the dark room was particularly significant in the L20/D4 group. In addition, there were significant differences between the initial latency and latency after one day (as learning) in all experimental groups. The total dark stay time increased significantly in different photoperiods. Conclusion: An abnormal light-dark length could disrupt certain brain functions, such as learning, memory, locomotor activity, memory consolidation and anxiety-like behavioral responses at different levels in a time-independent manner. The light-dark length (both minimum and especially the maximum day length) led to increased learning impairment and memory deficits, as well as worsened anxiety-like behaviors. The memory consolidation was also disrupted with various photoperiods. Photoperiod, learning, memory, anxiety, rat 244 253 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-895-13&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/3 1401/4/12 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/18 1401/6/27 Kowsar Salehifard Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran kowsar.9619@gmail.com 00319475328460033171 0000000218678464 No Maryam Radahmadi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. m_radahmadi@med.mui.ac.ir 00319475328460033172 0000000213839572 No Parham Reisi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. reisi@med.mui.ac.ir 00319475328460033173 0000000275524680 Yes

en Introduction: Preeclampsia is the principal cause of maternal morbidity and is characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. It is believed that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of tempol on fetal limb hemorrhage, malformations, and oxidative stress in an N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced preeclamptic rat model. Methods: To induce preeclampsia, L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day, oral) was administered from day 11 of pregnancy to day 22. Four preeclamptic groups received L-NAME alone, L-NAME+tempol (20, 60, 180 mg/kg/day; L-NAME, L-T20, L-T60, L-T180 groups, respectively). The control group (normal pregnant) received only tap water, and the T60 group received tempol (60 mg/Kg) alone (without L-NAME). The concentration of 8-isoprostane in plasma and placenta, number and weight of the fetuses, and the limb defects were measured on the 22nd day of the pregnancy. Results: L-NAME administration caused placental oxidative stress, limb defects and hemorrhage, and low fetal weight. Administration of tempol at 20 and 60 mg/kg/day reduced limb defects (10.5 and 7.2 percent versus 24.7 percent) and limb hemorrhage (14.5 and 9.5 percent versus 23 percent) induced by L-NAME. After administration of tempol (20 and 60 mg/kg), fetal weight increased (5.14±0.08 and 5.44±0.15 versus 4.27± 0.11 g). Administration of tempol at the high dose (180 mg/kg/day) did not produce any significant effects on the measured parameters. Conclusion: Tempol with certain doses improves fetal outcomes in an experimental rat model of preeclampsia. These may be the results of its antioxidant action. Limb malformation, L-NAME, Oxidative stress, Preeclampsia,Tempol 254 260 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1630-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/13 1400/6/22 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/27 1401/6/5 Mohammadreza Namavar Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center & Department of anatomical Sciences, Shiraz namavarm@sums.ac.ir 00319475328460033180 0000000266352717 No mohammad sharif talebianpoor Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences, Yasouj, Iran Taleb_84@yahoo.com 00319475328460033181 0000000329561779 No Somayeh Nazari Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran s.nazarii85@gmail.com 00319475328460033182 0000000325305882 No Hossein Mirkhani Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran mirkhanh@sums.ac.ir 00319475328460033183 0000000274331174 Yes

en Introduction: We investigated the subchronic toxicity concerns of a polyherbal formulation (PHF; Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser®) on haematological indices, brain and spleen histomorphology in exposed Wistar rats of both sexes. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats randomly allotted to six groups (5/group) were experimentally exposed to PHF via the oral route for 60 days as follows: control groups (1 and 4; given 5ml/kg distilled water); groups 2, 5 (476.24mg/kg) and 3, 6 (158.75mg/kg) body weight PHF, respectively. On 62nd day, animals were euthanized using carbon dioxide and sacrificed; spleen and brain tissues were evis-cerated, weighed and fixed in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological assessment. Results: Our results showed significant increase in platelet in all experimental rats relative to control. Low dosed (158.75mg/kg) male rats recorded a significant increase in WBC relative to control. Also increased were MCV and MCH in male rats. High dosed female rats had increased RBC and MCV. Neutrophils and lymphocyte differentials were respectively decreased and increased in experimental groups relative to control. Histopathology of the spleen and brain tissues revealed degrees of pathologies like abnormal cytostructure of lymphoid follicle, degenerated T-lymphocytes, numerous organic deposits, degenerating neural cells, proliferating astrocytes, widely scattered blood vessel amongst others. Conclusion: Our findings revealed exposure-associated toxic effects of the quasi-drug formulation on blood parameters and histostructure of the spleen and brain. Findings suggest utmost caution on long-term use of the polyherbal formulation and avoidance whenever possible. Drug compounding, Herbal medicine, Toxicology, Gliosis, Haematology 261 270 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1700-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/7 1401/1/18 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/18 1401/6/27 Godswill J. Udom Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria godswill.udom@fuoye.edu.ng 00319475328460033184 0000000337245944 Yes Uduak P. Ise Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria 00319475328460033185 00319475328460033185 No Ayodeji Aturamu Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria 00319475328460033186 00319475328460033186 No Moses A. Omoirri Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria 00319475328460033187 00319475328460033187 No Mba Ogbonnaya Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Akwa, Nigeria 00319475328460033188 00319475328460033188 No Israel K. Umana Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria 00319475328460033189 00319475328460033189 No Jude E. Okokon Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria 00319475328460033190 00319475328460033190 No

en Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a medicinal mushroom, exerts protective effects on cardiovascular diseases but, it’s effect in isoproterenol-induced heart failure has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was whether G. lucidum has protective effects in isoproterenol-induced heart failure. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (n=6) of control, heart failure (HF) and G. lucidum (50, 100 and 200mg/kg). For induction of HF in rats, isoproterenol (5mg/ kg) was injected subcutaneously for two weeks. In G. lucidum treated groups, G. lucidum was orally gavaged for three weeks and on day 8 isoproterenol was injected for two weeks. Then, Electrocardiogram pattern and cardiodynamic parameters, as well as myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde level, cardiac remodeling and apoptosis were studied. Results: G. lucidum improved hemodynamic factors such as mean arterial blood pressure as well as electrocardiogram pattern. Pre-treatment with G. lucidum also decreased myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde level and apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Histopathologic results showed a decrease in cardiac necrosis and fibrosis. However, it had no significant effect on cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: Our results show that pre-treatment with G. lucidum demonstrates protective effects against HF, and thereby suggest that G. lucidum can be considered as a possible clinical use for preventive and adjuvant treatment in heart failure. Ganoderma lucidum, Heart failure, Isoproterenol, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis 271 282 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1741-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/30 1401/4/9 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/24 1401/8/2 Monireh Seiiedy Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran monirseiiedy72@gmail.com 00319475328460033191 000000030602230X No Chiman Salehi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran salehichiman@gmail.com 00319475328460033192 000000030602230X No Morteza Ghasemnejad Berengi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran morteza.ghasemnejad@yahoo.com 00319475328460033193 0000000156729202 No mojtaba karimipour Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran mojtaba_karimipour@yahoo.com 00319475328460033194 0000000228342892 No Jafar Rezaie Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran j.rezaie88@gmail.com 00319475328460033195 0000000181753730 No Shabnam Babataheri 1Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran shabnambabataheri90@gmail.com 00319475328460033196 000000030602230X No Hamid Soraya Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran hamid_soraya2000@yahoo.com 00319475328460033197 000000030602230X Yes

en Introduction: The molecular mechanism of idiopathic antibiotic-associated diarrhea is not clear. Сeftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and diarrhea is the main side-effect of ceftriaxone treatment. The present study tested the hypothesis that ceftriaxone-induced diarrhea is associated with a shift in microbiota composition followed by the alteration in colonic water/ion transport, the expression pattern of transporters and epithelial barrier function. Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated daily with ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg, i.m.) for 5 or 14 days. Epithelial net water and ion transport (Na+ , K+ , Cl- ) were evaluated on the 6th or 15th day respectively by isolated colonic loop perfusion technique in vivo. Gene expression by RT-PCR, glycoproteins levels by PAS-staining, and microbiota by culture method on the elective medium were evaluated. Results: Decreases in Na+ and water absorption, surface mucus layer, and Scnn1b and Aqp8 gene expression were associated with more severe diarrhea after 5 days-antibiotic treatment. After 14-days of antibiotic treatment, fewer animals with diarrhea were observed. At the same time, there was a decrease of Cl- and an increase in Na+ absorption, along with increased mucus secretion and upregulation of Cftr, Scnn1b, Slc9a3, Muc2, Ocln, and Tjp1 gene expression. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of culturable conditionally pathogenic microbiota after 5 days of treatment which almost returned to the control value after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that the observed transitory antibiotic-associated diarrhea was a well-orchestrated physiological defense response at the molecular level driven by the shift in normal microbiota composition. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Ceftriaxone, Colon, Ion transport, Epithelial barrier 283 295 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1620-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/24 1400/6/2 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/3 1401/9/12 Taisa Dovbynchuk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine mtaisa80@gmail.com 00319475328460033198 00319475328460033198 No Tetiana Chervinska Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine chervinska.tetiana@gmail.com 00319475328460033199 00319475328460033199 No Liudmyla Zakordonets International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine lzakordonets2@gmail.com 00319475328460033200 00319475328460033200 No Alevtina Huet Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine alevtina.dranitsina@gmail.com 00319475328460033201 00319475328460033201 No Tetiana Serhiichuk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine stm1972@bigmir.net 00319475328460033202 00319475328460033202 No Liudmyla Ostapchenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine l_ostap@univ.kiev.ua 00319475328460033203 00319475328460033203 No Ganna Tolstanova Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine ganna.tolstanova@knu.ua 00319475328460033204 00319475328460033204 Yes

en Introduction: Tacca chantrieri Andre is frequently used by traditional healers to alleviate pain and fever, primirily by reducing inflammation. Its rhizome extract possesses remarkable peripheral anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. However, there is limited information available regarding its potential anti-neuroinflammation effects. This study aimes to assess the neuroprotective effects of T. chantrieri rhizome ethanol extract (TCE) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Methods: Rats were orally administered with TCE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg continually for 9 days. On the 7th day of treatment, each rat received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.83 mg/kg). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Y-maze test and novel object recognition (NOR) test. Thereafter, the proinflammatory cytokine level in the hippocampus was measured by ELISA. Results: Systemic LPS administration induced sickness behavior, cognitive impairment, and neuroinflammation. TCE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg reversed the LPS-induced behavioral deficits, showing improvements in spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and discrimination index in the NOR test. Additionally, pretreatment with TCE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly attenuated the LPS-induced increase in protein expression of TNF-α. Conclusion: TCE exhibited neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced cognitive deficits and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that TCE may hold therapeutic potential in preventing neuroinflammation associated cognitive impairment. However, further studies are necessary to validate the possible mechanisms of its neuroprotective effects. Tacca chantrieri Andre, Neuroinflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, Cognitive deficits 296 306 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1729-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/1 1401/3/11 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/31 1401/10/10 Utcharaporn Kamsrijai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand utcharaporn.kam@mfu.ac.th 00319475328460033205 0000000244437306 Yes Benjamard Thaweethee-Sukjai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Benjamard.suk@mfu.ac.th 00319475328460033206 0000000323820995 No Narudol Teerapattarakan School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Narudol.tee@mfu.ac.th 00319475328460033207 0000000304182043 No Keerati Wanchai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Keerati.wan@mfu.ac.th 00319475328460033208 0000000322827909 No Poonyawee Jirarattanawan School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Poonyawee.jir@mfu.ac.th 00319475328460033209 0000000291293480 No

en Introduction: It has been approved that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may exhibit anti-proliferative or cytotoxic effects on several types of cancers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of a newly formulated niosome of Escitalopram oxalate on a colorectal cancer cell line. Methods: The niosomes were prepared using a thin layer hydration method, resulting in particles with a size range between 150 – 450 nm and spherical morphology. Moreover, its permeability release showed 25% in 4 hours. The cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using a quantitative colorimetric MTT assay. Results: The cell viability of colon cancer cells after treatment with niosomes and pure escitalopram reduced to 28.3 ± 0.83 % and 24.07 ± 0.56%, respectively. However, the cytotoxicity assay of escitalopram-loaded niosomes suggested that the anti-proliferative effect of the niosomal formulation of escitalopram was dose and incubation time-dependent. Conclusion: These results confirm the potential of the anti-proliferative activity of escitalopram-loaded niosomes. Further application to an in vivo model is needed to study various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters to establish its complete therapeutic potential. Escitalopram, Cell viability, Niosome , MTT assay 307 318 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1057-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/12022/05/2 1401/2/12 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/312022/12/17 1401/9/26 Faten Eshrati Yeganeh Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ffyeganeh@gmail.com 00319475328460033210 0000000256249812 No Maryam Tabarzad Shahid beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran tabarzad.m@gmail.com 00319475328460033211 0000000199230639 No Hajar Khazraei Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: Shiraz, Fars, Iran hajarkhazraei@gmail.com 00319475328460033212 0000000251017246 Yes Mahsa Bourbour Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran colorectal@sums.ac.ir 00319475328460033213 0000000159515090 No

en Introduction: Two of the most important ion channels in the smooth muscle membrane are L-type and T-type calcium channels. L-type calcium channels are responsible for smooth muscle contraction, while T-type calcium channels are involved in cell membrane depolarization. Methods: In this study, a model consisting of 1200 cells was used to simulate the smooth muscle of the gastric wall. The paper explores the effects of blocking 10%, 50%, 90%, and 100% of L-type and T-type calcium channels on the spatiotemporal wavefront propagation in human gastric wall smooth muscle cells, simulated separately. Results: The results showed that complete blockage had the most significant effect on the slow-wave. Blockage of the L-type calcium channel led to a reduction of -3.4% and -0.8% in the membrane potential during the spike and plateau phases, respectively. The T-type calcium channel reduced the spike and resting membrane potential by -1.8% and -0.9%, respectively. In addition, the L-type calcium channel exhibited a greater impact on reducing muscle contraction compared to the T-type calcium channel. This suggests that higher blockage of calcium channels led to decreased membrane potential during slow-wave phases and reduced muscle contraction, compared to the physiological state. Conclusion: Blocking ion channels in electrophysiological models can potentially help control gastrointestinal tract motility disorders and smooth muscle contraction. Stomach, Smooth Muscle Cell, Slow-wave, Calcium Channel Blockers, Electrophysiology 319 330 http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1659-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/12022/05/22021/12/14 1400/9/23 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/312022/12/172022/09/18 1401/6/27 Hossein Taghadosi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran h.taghadosi@srbiau.ac.ir 00319475328460033214 00319475328460033214 No Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran fa.tabatabai@uswr.ac.ir 00319475328460033215 00319475328460033215 Yes Aydin Farajidavar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA afarajid@nyit.edu 00319475328460033216 00319475328460033216 No Faezeh Khazaee Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran faezeh.khazaee@srbiau.ac.ir 00319475328460033217 00319475328460033217 No Fatemeh Hoseinpour Department of Occupational Therapy, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran h.hoseinpour_ot@yahoo.com 00319475328460033218 00319475328460033218 No