A comprehensive approach to investigate the contradictory effects of metformin therapy in cerebral ischemic injury 2 2 Ischemic brain injury involves a complex sequence of excitetoxic and oxidative events. Metformin is proposed as one of the potential candidates for returning the body to its basic homeostasis in ischemic situations. Metformin can either protect or damage cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream factors so, it has a dual role in the cerebral ischemia context, but more investigations are needed to define its exact underlying mechanism. Herein, we classify the controversial results of metformin therapy in the experimental models of brain ischemia central and peripheral injection of metformin, chronic and acute treatment, pre- and post-treatment with metformin, tissue-specific role of metformin, dose-specific effect of metformin, age-dependent aspects of metformin therapy. Categorizing different types of cerebral ischemia is important in investigating the dual role of metformin. Due to the variations in metformin therapy, it can be used for chronic treatment, but the patients must be informed about its harmful effects. Although the mechanisms in which AMPK protects/degenerates neurons against ischemic stress situation are still unknown. 146 157 2015/08/1 1394/5/10 2015/11/1 1394/8/10 Ghorbangol Ashabi Ghorbangol Ashabi Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran as_habi@yahoo.com Fariba Khodagholi Fariba Khodagholi Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khodagholi@sbmu.ac.ir Shima Zare-shahamati Shima Zare-shahamati NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran SZS1992@gmail.com Negar Ghadernezhad Negar Ghadernezhad Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran negar.gh1986@gmail.com Mona Maleki Mona Maleki Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran monamaleki28@gmail.com Leila Khalaj Leila Khalaj Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran lkhalaj@yahoo.com Metformin AMPK Glucose Brain Ischemia Abdelsaid M, Prakash R, Li W, Coucha M, Hafez S, Johnson MH, et al. 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Long-term, high-dose aspirin therapy increases the specific activity of complex III of mitochondrial respiratory chain in the kidney of diabetic rats 2 2 Introduction: One of the main mechanisms by which diabetic complications occur is an alteration of the structure and function of proteins due to hyperglycemia. Aspirin (ASA) affects cellular pathways through different mechanisms, including glycation inhibition and antioxidant activity. The aim of the present study, as a follow up to our previous one, is to investigate the effect of long-term, high-dose ASA therapy on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in the kidneys and brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Its effect on liver toxicity of the rats was also investigated. Materials and Methods: High dose of ASA (100 mg/kg in drinking water) was administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats during the twelve-week study period. After that, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and the tissues were retained -80 °C. Then the activity of respiratory chain complexes and the mentioned enzyme were measured in the brain, kidney, liver and serum of rats. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with ASA could significantly compensate for the decreased activity of complex III respiratory chain in the kidneys. In addition, the activity of the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH) in the serum of diabetic rats was significantly reduced by administration of ASA. However, there were no other significant functional changes observed in the kidney and brain respiratory chains complexes and the mentioned enzymes in liver. 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Carbon nanotubes prolong the regulatory action of nerve growth factor on the endocannabinoid signaling 2 2 Introduction: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown enormous potential in neuroscience. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-CNTs complex promotes the neuronal growth, however, the underlying mechanism(s) have remained elusive. Based on the interplay between NGF and the endocannabinoid system, involvement of the neuroprotective endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), was investigated in the mechanism of action of NGF. Materials and Methods: Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs)-NGF complex was prepared using amino-functionalized COOH-MWCNTs. MWCNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Following three times daily intracerebroventricular injections of NGF solution (2, 5, and 10 &mug), and 5, 10, and 20 &mug of acid- or amine-modified MWCNTs, or MWCNTs-NGF complex for either one or 7 days, 2-AG contents were quantified in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results: FTIR confirmed the amino-functionalization of COOH-MWCNTs and NGF immobilization on the aminated MWCNTs. Aminated MWCNTs and MWCNTs-NGF complex showed less cytotoxicity than COOH-MWCNTs (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01). Chronic, but not acute, administration of MWCNTs-NGF complex and NGF solution at the highest dose tested led to the elevation of 2-AG at 1 h from the last injection (P<0.01 and P<0.001). 2-AG enhancement induced by MWCNTs-NGF complex lasted for up to 5 and 12 h post-injection (P<0.01 and P<0.001). 2-AG contents remained at the baseline level in the sham and groups receiving vehicle, acid- or amine-modified MWCNTs (P>0.05). Conclusion: Functionalized MWCNTs-NGF complex induces a long-lasting increase of brain 2-AG content indicating the efficiency of this nanostructure to provide a sustained concentration of NGF. Implication of 2-AG in the mechanism of action of NGF might be of great therapeutic significance in the neurological disorders. 167 176 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/26 1394/3/5 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/22 1394/7/30 Parichehr Hassanzadeh Parichehr Hassanzadeh Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran hassanzadehparichehr4@gmail.com Elham Arbabi Elham Arbabi Research Centre for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran arbabiavalelham@gmail.com Fatemeh Rostami Fatemeh Rostami Research Centre for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran frostamii@yahoo.com Fatemeh Atyabi Fatemeh Atyabi Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rassoul Dinarvand Rassoul Dinarvand Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Carbon nanotubes Nerve growth factor Endocannabinoid signaling Dr. Abolhassan Ahmadiani##Dr. Mohammad Reza Zali##Dr. Fatemeh Atyabi##Dr. Rassoul Dinarvand## ##

Gap junctions of the hippocampal CA1 area are crucial for memory consolidation 2 2 Introduction: Gap junctions are specialized cell–cell contacts between eukaryotic cells through which they communicate. This type of communication has the potential to modulate memory process. We evaluated the effects of the gating of the hippocampal CA1 area gap junction channels on memory consolidation, using passive avoidance task. Materials and Methods: 72 adult male Wistar rats were distributed into 9 groups of 8 each. Two guiding cannulas were bilaterally implanted in the hippocampal CA1 area of all rats. One week after surgery, the animals received an electrical shock with the intensity and duration of 0.3 mA and 1s, respectively. Immediately after training 25, 75 or 150 nM doses of carbenoxolone, a non-selective blocker of gap junction channels or 50, 150 and 1500 nM doses of trimethylamine, an opener of gap junction channels were injected. Another group received 50 nM trimethylamine and 10 min later 75 nM carbenoxolone, immediately post-training. 24 hours later, memory retrieval was assessed. Results: Post-training injection of carbenoxolone significantly and dose- dependently decreased step-through latency, whereas post-training injection of trimethylamine showed a tendency toward increasing step-through latency. Post-training injection of trimethylamine (50 nM) increased step-through latency, significantly compared with post-training injection of carbenoxolone (75 nM and 150 nM). Post-training injection of trimethylamine (50 nM) before carbenoxolone (75 nM) reversed the effects of carbenoxolone on inhibition of memory consolidation. Conclusion: These data suggest that the intercellular coupling via gap junction channels in the hippocampal CA1 cells is crucial for memory consolidation in the passive avoidance task. 177 184 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/262015/07/19 1394/4/28 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/222015/10/5 1394/7/13 Siamak Beheshti Siamak Beheshti Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran siamak.beheshti@yahoo.com Mehdi Eivani Mehdi Eivani Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran bioomehdi@gmail.com Jamal Moshtaghian Jamal Moshtaghian Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran jamalmoshtaghian@gmail.com Gap junction Memory Hippocampal CA1 area Passive avoidance task Abel T, Lattal KM. Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001; 11: 180-7.##Allen K, Fuchs EC, Jaschonek H, Bannerman DM, Monyer H. Gap junctions between interneurons are required for normal spatial coding in the hippocampus and short-term spatial memory. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 6542-52.##Beheshti S, Hosseini SA, Noorbakhshnia M, Eivani M. Role of hippocampal CA1 area gap junction channels on morphine state-dependent learning. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745: 196-200.##Bissiere S, Zelikowsky M, Ponnusamy R, Jacobs NS, Blair HT, Fanselow MS. Electrical synapses control hippocampal contributions to fear learning and memory. Science 2011; 331: 87-91.##Bocian R, Posluszny A, Kowalczyk T, Golebiewski H, Konopacki J. The effect of carbenoxolone on hippocampal formation theta rhythm in rats: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Brain Res Bull 2009; 78: 290-8.##Bocian R, Posluszny A, Kowalczyk T, Kazmierska P, Konopacki J. Gap junction modulation of hippocampal formation theta and local cell discharges in anesthetized rats. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33: 471-81.##Buhl DL, Harris KD, Hormuzdi SG, Monyer H, Buzsaki G. Selective impairment of hippocampal gamma oscillations in connexin-36 knock-out mouse in vivo. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 1013-8.##Chepkova AN, Sergeeva OA, Haas HL. Carbenoxolone impairs LTP and blocks NMDA receptors in murine hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55: 139-47.##Chrobak JJ, Buzsaki G. High-frequency oscillations in the output networks of the hippocampal-entorhinal axis of the freely behaving rat. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 3056-66.##Colgin LL, Moser EI. Gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25: 319-29.##Dere E, Zlomuzica A. The role of gap junctions in the brain in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36: 206-17.##Draguhn A, Traub RD, Schmitz D, Jefferys JG. Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro. Nature 1998; 394: 189-92.##Duzel E, Penny WD, Burgess N. Brain oscillations and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20: 143-9.##Gajda Z, Gyengesi E, Hermesz E, Ali KS, Szente M. Involvement of gap junctions in the manifestation and control of the duration of seizures in rats in vivo. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 1596-600.##Hanslmayr S, Staudigl T. How brain oscillations form memories: a processing based perspective on oscillatory subsequent memory effects. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 2: 648-55.##Herve JC, Sarrouilhe D. Connexin-made channels as pharmacological targets. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 1941-58.##Hormuzdi SG, Pais I, LeBeau FE, Towers SK, Rozov A, Buhl EH, et al. Impaired electrical signaling disrupts gamma frequency oscillations in connexin 36-deficient mice. Neuron 2001; 31: 487-95.##Hosseinzadeh H, Asl MN, Parvardeh S, Tagi Mansouri SM. The effects of carbenoxolone on spatial learning in the morris water maze task in rats. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: BR88-94.##Katche C, Cammarota M, Medina JH. Molecular signatures and mechanisms of long-lasting memory consolidation and storage. 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Effects of doxepin on spatial memory, TNF-α and Bcl-2 family genes expression in rat hippocampus 2 2 Introduction: Although the initial hypothesis for the action of doxepin was based on the inhibition of the reuptake of neurotransmitters, it has been suggested that it may also involve other mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of doxepin on spatial memory, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-;alpha) level, expression of pro-apoptotic (Bad and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) genes in the rat hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Male rats were divided randomly into three groups the control, the doxepin 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Rats received i.p injection of doxepin for 21 days. Spatial memory was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Then the hippocampi were dissected for measurement of the expression of Bcl2, Bad and Bax genes and the TNF-;alpha level. Results: Our results showed no significant effects of doxepin on spatial memory. Doxepin significantly decreased expression of Bad gene, but had no significant/considerable effects on Bcl2 and Bax gene expression. Also, the ratio of TNF-;alpha to total protein (%) did not show significant differences in the rat hippocampus. Conclusion: These results did not show any significant impact of doxepin on the factors affecting the neuronal functions in intact animals. However, Since a significant reduction in the hippocampal Bad mRNA levels was observed It is our assumption that doxepin has neuroprotective effects. 185 192 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/262015/07/192015/09/14 1394/6/23 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/222015/10/52015/11/14 1394/8/23 Nastaran Eidelkhani Nastaran Eidelkhani Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran na.eidelkhani@yahoo.com Maryam Radahmadi Maryam Radahmadi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran m_radahmadi@med.mui.ac.ir Laleh Rafiee Laleh Rafiee Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran rafiee.laleh@gmail.com Mahsa Gharzi Mahsa Gharzi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran mahsagharzi@gmail.com Hojjatallah Alaei Hojjatallah Alaei Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran alaei@med.mui.ac.ir Parham Reisi Parham Reisi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran p_reisi@med.mui.ac.ir Doxepin Memory Hippocampus Bcl-2 family TNF-α. Abdel-Salam OM, Baiuomy AR, Arbid MS. Studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine in the rat. Pharmacological Research 2004; 49: 119-131.##Bianchi M, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE. Chlomipramine differently affects inflammatory edema and pain in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1994; 48: 1037-1040.##Djordjevic A, Djordjevic J, Elaković I, Adzic M, Matić G, Radojcic MB. Effects of fluoxetine on plasticity and apoptosis evoked by chronic stress in rat prefrontal cortex. European journal of pharmacology 2012; 693: 37-44.##Drake LA, Fallon JD, Sober A. Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1994; 31: 613-616.##Duman RS, Malberg J, Thome J. Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment. Biological psychiatry 1999; 46: 1181-1191.##Engel D, Zomkowski AD, Lieberknecht V, Rodrigues AL, Gabilan NH. 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Evaluation of wound healing and post-operative intra-abdominal adhesions in opium addicted rats 2 2 Introduction: Opium addiction can change immune response to Types of stress such as injury or trauma due to alterations in the in secretion status of cytokines in the body. In this study, effects of opium addiction on wound healing and post-operative adhesion bands were assessed after laparotomy. Materials and Methods: Male rats (n=20) were randomly divided into opium addicted (documented with Naloxone test) and control group. Three weeks after surgery, site of abdominal incision was excised elliptically and sent for wound healing grading assessment by pathologist and an intra-abdominal adhesion band assessment was done. The concentrations of three cytokines (TNF , IFN and IL10) were also measured before, immediately after surgery and 24 hour after surgery. Results: Post-operative intra-abdominal adhesion was decreased in opium addicted group in comparison to control group (p value = 0.014). No statistically significant difference was found in the wound healing phase in two groups (P value = 0.057). Our findings showed that serum level of TNF , IFN and IL10 in two groups measured in all phases of examination (before surgery, within 30-60 min after surgery and 24h after surgery), were not statistically different/significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Since opium addiction can decrease post-operative intra-abdominal adhesions in rats, they may be susceptible to increased inflammation and these effects may be due to decreased post-operative pain. 193 199 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/262015/07/192015/09/142015/08/23 1394/6/1 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/222015/10/52015/11/142015/11/15 1394/8/24 Mohammad Reza Lashkarizadeh Mohammad Reza Lashkarizadeh Department of Surgery, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran lashkarizadeh@kmu.ac.ir Mohammad Garshasbi Mohammad Garshasbi Department of Surgery, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran mohammadgarshasbi1356@yahoo.com Shahriar Dabiri Shahriar Dabiri Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran shabanimoh@gail.com Mahdieh Lashkarizadeh Mahdieh Lashkarizadeh Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran shabanimoh@yahoo.com Mohammad Shabani Mohammad Shabani Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran shabani@kmu.ac.ir Opium Addiction Laparotomy Wound healing Adhesion Rats Abbasizade Z, Galehdari H, Rezai A, Seyednezhad SM and Torabi M (2014) Evaluation of the relationship between serum levels of insulin, cortisol and growth hormones and wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. Physiology and Pharmacology 18:92-100.##Alizadeh AM, Sohanaki H, Khaniki M, Mohaghgheghi MA, Ghmami G and Mosavi M (2011) The Effect of Teucrium Polium Honey on the Wound Healing and Tensile Strength in Rat. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 14:499.##Asadikaram G, Asiabanha M, Sayadi A, Jafarzadeh A and Hassanshahi G (2010) Impact of Opium on the serum levels of TGF-β in diabetic, addicted and addicted-diabetic rats. Iran J Immunol 7:186-192.##Bunicard FC, Anderson D, Billiav TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Mathews JB and Pollack RE (2010) in Schwartz Principles of Surgery pp 59, 224, The McGraw-Hill Company.##Camara CR, Guzman FJ, Barrera EA, Cabello AJ, Garcia A, Fernandez NE, Caballero E and Ancer J (2008) Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 14:5192-5196.##Cassidy V, Uum V, Stan HM, O\'Dell LE, Lutfy K and Freidman TC (2010) The effects of opioids and opioid analogs on animal and human endocrine systems. Endocrin Rev 31:98-132.##Condon ET, Cahill RA, O\'Malley DB, Aherne NJ and Redmond HP (2007) Evaluation of post operative peritoneal adhesion formation following perioperative Nicotine administration. J Surg Res:135-138.##Efron PA and Moldawer LL (2004) Cytokines and wound healing: the role of cytokine and anticytokine therapy in the repair response. Journal of Burn Care & Research 25:149-160.##Eming SA, Krieg T and Davidson JM (2007) Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 127:514-525.##Ezzatabadipour M, Majidi M, Malekpour-afshar R, Eftekharvaghefi SH and Nematollahi-mahani SN (2011) The Effects of Morphine on Tissue Structure of the Growth Plate in Male Rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 14:514.##Finley M, Happel C, Kaminsky D and Rogers T (2008) Opioid and nociceptin receptors regulate cytokine and cytokine receptor expression. 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The interactive effect of aerobic-resistance training and estrogen therapy on metabolic syndrome indices and omentin-1 2 2 Introduction: Obesity and visceral fat accumulation after menopause are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the interactive effect of aerobic-resistance training and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and divided into 5 groups (n=10 rats per group): Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary), aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe), aerobic-resistance training+estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Exe+Est), estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Est) and sesame oil (Ovx+Oil). The exercise consisted of 8-week aerobic-resistance training (20 m/min, 3 days/week, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load 3% body weight).17b-estradiol valerate (30 ;mug/kg bw in 0.2 ml sesame oil) were injected subcutaneously, three days a week during 8 weeks and the Ovx+Est+Est received both exercise protocol and estradiol as previous groups. Obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Results: Omentin-1showed significant increase in Ovx+Exe compared to Ovx+Exe+Est and Ovx+Est (P<0.05). HOMA-IR and visceral fat was decreased in Ovx+Exe, Ovx+Exe+Est compared to Sedentary (P<0.05). Conclusion: Eight-week aerobic-resistance training, 17-b estradiol replacement and co-treatment of exercise+estrogen successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance probably via elevation in omentin-1 in ovaryectomized rats. Regarding the risk of hormone replacement therapy this study suggests that 2- month aerobic-resistance training is more effective in treating metabolic syndrome, rather than estrogen replacement therapy. 200 207 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/262015/07/192015/09/142015/08/232015/06/28 1394/4/7 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/222015/10/52015/11/142015/11/152015/10/5 1394/7/13 Parvin Babaei Parvin Babaei Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran P_babaei@yahoo.com Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroghchi Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroghchi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran amenehpoorrahim@yahoo.com Arsalan Damirchi Arsalan Damirchi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Arsalan388@yahoo.com Bahram Soltani Tehrani Bahram Soltani Tehrani Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran soltani@gums.ac.ir Combined Exercise Hormone Therapy HOMA-IR Omentin-1 Visceral Adipose Aguiar AF, Agati LB, Muller SS, Pereira OC, Silva MD, Effects of physical training on the mechanical resistance of rat femur proximal thirds. Acta Ortop Bras 18 (2010) 245- 9. ## Babaei P, Mehdizadeh R, Ansar MM, Damirchi A, Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral adipose tissue and serum adiponectin levels in rats. Menopause International 16 (2010) 100–104.## Barros RP, Machado UF, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Muscle GLUT4 regulation by estrogen receptors ERA and ER. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 1605–8.## Batista CM, Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Glynn NM, Yu DZ, Pray J, et al. Omentin plasma levels and gene expression are decreased in obesity. Diabetes 56 (2007)1655-1661.## Cai RC, Wei L, Di JZ, Yu HY, Bao YQ, Jia WP, Expression of omentin in adipose tissues in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 89 (2009) 381-384.## Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Overgaard K, Ringgaard S, Pedersen SB, et al. Comparable reduction of the visceral adipose tissue depot after a diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise in obese subjects: a12-week randomized intervention study. European Journal of Endocrinology 160 (2009) 759–767. ## Damirchi A, Mehdizade R, Ansar MM, Soltani B, Babaei P, Effects of aerobic exercise training on visceral fat and serum adiponectin concentration in ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 13 (2010)171–8.## Davidson LE, Influence of exercise modality on body composition, insulin resistance and functional fitness in aging:A Randomized controlled trail. [dissertation]. St. 2007, Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario,Canada.## Dieli-conwright CM, Spektror TM, Rice JC, Sattler FR, Schroeder ET, Hormone replacement therapy and messenger RNA expression of estrogen receptor coregulators after exercise in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42 (2010) 422-429.## Fu M, Gong DW, Damcott C, Sabra M, Yang R, Pollin TI, et al. Systematic analysis of omentin 1 and omentin 2 on 1q23 as candidate genes for type 2 diabetes in the Old Order Amish. Diabetes 53 (2004) 59.## Green JS, Stanforth PR, RankinenT, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, et al. The effects of exercise training on abdominal visceral fat, body composition, and indicators of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women with and without estrogen replacement therapy. Metabolism 53 (2004) 1192-1196.## Gürsoy G, Kırnap NG, Ebah O, Acar Y, Demirba B, Akçayöz S, et al. The relationship between plasma omentin-1 levels and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetıc women. Clinical Reviews and Opinions 2 (2010) 49-54.## Jialal, I, Devaraj S, Kaur H, Adams-Huet B, Bremer AA, Increased chemerin and decreased Omentin-1 in both adipose tissue and plasma in nascent metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98 (2013) 514–517.## Kanaley J, Sames C, Swisher L, Swick AG, Pioutz-Synder LL, Steppan CM, et al. Abdominal fat distribution in pre-and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age and menopausal status. 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Serum concentrations and subcutaneous adipose tissue mRNA expression of omentin in morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the effect of very-low-calorie diet, physical activity and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Physiol. Res 63 (2014) 207-218.## Visseres D, Hens W, Taeymas J, Baeyens JP, Poortmas J, Gaal LV, The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes and Metabolism 8 (2013) 56415.## Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, Pray J, Wu HB, Hansen BC, et al. Identification of omentin as a novel depotspecificadipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290 (2006) 1253-1261.## Yu D, Gong DW, Omentin Activates AMP-activated Protein Kinase and Plays a Role in Energy Metabolism and Immune Response [Phd thesis]. 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Busulfan induces oxidative stress- and Bcl-2 family gene-related apoptosis in epididymal sperm and testis of adult male mice 2 2 Introduction: Busulfan as a chemotherapeutic agent causes testicular germinal epithelium depletion and cytotoxicity in germ cells. The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis-related genetic markers of adult male mouse sperm following busulfan treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty adult NMRI mice (30 ± 5 g) were divided into two groups. Control and busulfan treated group were administered with 100 &muL dimethyl sulfoxide and 3.2 mg/kg/day busulfan for 4 days, respectively. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase assays were used for analyzing antioxidant status. Then, the levels of Bcl-2 family gene expression, lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity were evaluated by Real-Time PCR, thiobarbituric and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Results: The results showed significant decrease on antioxidant status, increase on lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase in epididymal sperm and testis of busulfan treated mice in comparison with control (P< 0.05). Real Time PCR demonstrated significantly increased-Bax gene expression and decreased-Bcl-2 gene expression in epididymal sperm of treated group (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The high levels of lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase revealed increased-ROS and severe cytotoxicity in epididymal sperm and testis tissue following busulfan treatment at clinical dose. The oxidative stress and increased-ROS may induce Bcl-2 family gene expression-related apoptosis following busulfan therapy in normal cells. 208 215 2015/08/12015/04/122015/05/262015/07/192015/09/142015/08/232015/06/282015/07/28 1394/5/6 2015/11/12015/10/222015/10/222015/10/52015/11/142015/11/152015/10/52015/10/22 1394/7/30 Parva Nasimi Parva Nasimi Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran parvanasimi62@yahoo.com Mohammad Reza Tabandeh Mohammad Reza Tabandeh Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran m.tabandeh@scu.ac.ir Akbar Vahdati Akbar Vahdati Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran avahdatim@yahoo.com Saeed Khatamsaz Saeed Khatamsaz Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran Saeed1617@yahoo.com Apoptosis Bcl-2 family genes Busulfan Epididymal sperm Oxidative stress. 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