Dissimilar mechanistic background of peripheral and orofacial hyperkinesia in patients with Parkinson’s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia 2 2 Introduction: Long-term levodopa treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequently complicated by spontaneously occurring involuntary muscle movements called dyskinesia. The exact pathological mechanism of this complication has not yet been elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that in PD patients the vulnerability to develop peripheral but not orofacial dyskinesia is associated with the presence of two variants of the GRIN2A gene. Moreover, we have shown that in tardive dyskinesia (TD) orofacial dyskinesia is associated with other polymorphisms as compared with peripheral dyskinesia. In the present study we investigate whether the peripheral versus orofacial nature of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in PD can be explained by considering polymorphisms for dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Materials and Methods: 101 Russian patients with PD (38M/63F) were examined. Genotyping was carried out on 19 SNPs for 3 neurotransmitter genes: 10 SNPs for DRD3 gene (rs11721264, rs167770, rs3773678, rs963468, rs7633291, rs2134655, rs9817063, rs324035, rs1800828, rs167771), 1 SNP for DRD4 gene (rs3758653), and 8 SNPs for HTR2C gene (rs6318, rs5946189, rs569959, rs17326429, rs4911871, rs3813929, rs1801412, rs12858300). Results: Genotyping patients with PD and LID revealed that only rs3773678 (DRD3, dominant, p = 0.042) was associated with orofacial dyskinesia. Conclusion: The findings of the current study are not related to LID in PD itself, but to other forms of orofacial dyskinesia in this patient group. 216 221 2015/10/18 1394/7/26 2015/12/11 1394/9/20 Svetlana A Ivanova Svetlana A Ivanova Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russian Federation svetlana@mail.tomsknet.ru Olga Yu Fedorenko Olga Yu Fedorenko Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russian Federation f_o_y@mail.ru Maxim B Freidin Maxim B Freidin Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russian Federation mfreidin@medgenetics.ru Valentina M Alifirova Valentina M Alifirova Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation alifirova@mail2000.ru Natalia G Zhukova Natalia G Zhukova Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation znatali@yandex.ru Irina A Zhukova Irina A Zhukova Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation irzhukova@inbox.ru Asmar FY Al Hadithy Asmar FY Al Hadithy Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands a.alhadithy@parnassiabavogroep.nl Jacobus RBJ Brouwers Jacobus RBJ Brouwers Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands jrbjbrouwers@live.nl Nikolay A Bokhan Nikolay A Bokhan Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russian Federation nikolay.bokhan.tomsk.russia@gmail.com Bob Wilffert Bob Wilffert Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands b.wilffert@rug.nl Anton JM Loonen Anton JM Loonen Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands a.j.m.loonen@rug.nl Levodopa-induced dyskinesia Parkinson’s disease Dopaminergic receptors Serotonergic receptors Genetic variants Al Hadithy AF, Ivanova SA, Pechlivanoglou P, Semke A, Fedorenko O, Kornetova E, Ryadovaya L, Brouwers JR, Wilffert B, Bruggeman R, Loonen AJ. Tardive dyskinesia and DRD3, HTR2A and HTR2C gene polymorphisms in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33 (2009) 475-481.##Al Hadithy AF, Ivanova SA, Pechlivanoglou P, Wilffert B, Semke A, Fedorenko O, Kornetova E, Ryadovaya L, Brouwers JR, Loonen AJ. Missense polymorphisms in three oxidative-stress enzymes (GSTP1, SOD2, and GPX1) and dyskinesias in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Hum Psychopharmacol 25 (2010) 84-91.##Arning L, Saft C, Wieczorek S, Andrich J, Kraus PH, Epplen JT. NR2A and NR2B receptor gene variations modify age at onset in Huntington disease in a sex-specific manner. Hum Genet 122 (2007) 175-182.##Bargiotas P, Konitsiotis S. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\'s disease: emerging treatments. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9 (2013) 1605-1617.##Cerasa A, Fasano A, Morgante F, Koch G, Quattrone A. 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A study of variation in cardiocirculatory parameters with different body positions during isometric exercise in young adult males. 2 2 Introduction: To study the effects of exercise, how important it is to choose a posture? We aimed to characterize the possible impact of different body positions on cardiovascular parameters during and after sustained isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study was carried out in 33 young adult males (mean age: 19.21±1.083 years). We recorded Blood Pressure (BP), Heart Rate (HR) and SpO2 at rest, 1st minute of exercise, at 3rd minute of exercise or prior to failure and at 2 minutes after IHG exercise at 30% of Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in sitting, supine and standing positions. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), Pulse pressure (PP) and Rate pressure product (RPP) were calculated from BP and HR data. Results: SBP, DBP, MAP, HR and RPP increased significantly during 1st and 3rd min of exercise and returned to resting level at 2 min after exercise in all three postures. During resting period and at 2 min after IHG exercise SBP and PP were significantly higher in supine compared with sitting and standing position, while DBP, HR and RPP were significantly increased in standing position. DBP, PP, MAP and HR changed significantly in supine, sitting and standing posture with time of exercise (two-way repeated measure ANOVA). Conclusion: IHG exercise leads to an across the board increase of all the cardiovascular parameters. The effect of posture was more pronounced at rest and during initial duration of exercise. Thus, posture may be a factor to consider in testing initial response during IHG exercise, but not for studying effects of prolonged duration of exercise. 222 231 2015/10/182015/09/27 1394/7/5 2015/12/112016/01/9 1394/10/19 Viral I Champaneri Viral I Champaneri Department of Physiology, Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur-Rajasthan, India drviralchampaneri@gmail.com Rajesh Kathrotia Rajesh Kathrotia Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India rajeshkathrotia@gmail.com Isometric handgrip exercise Body positions Blood pressure Heart rate Rate pressure product 1. Van Dongen, H.P. et al, The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 26 (2003) 117–126.##2. W P Laird, D E Fixler and F D Haffines, Cardiovascular response to isometric exercise in normal adolescent. 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Melatonin and Alpha Lipoic Acid: Possible Mitigants for Lopinavir/Ritonavir- Induced Renal Toxicity in Male Albino Rats 2 2 Introduction: This study evaluated the effects of pretreatments with melatonin (MT), and Alpha Lipoic acid (ALA) on lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) -induced serum levels of creatinine (Cr), urea (U), uric acid (Ua) and kidney levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in male albino rats. Effects of treatments with MT and ALA were also evaluated on baseline levels of the above parameters. Materials and Methods: Adult male albino rats orally received MT (10mg/kg), ALA (10mg/kg) and LPV/r (22.9/5.71, 45.6/11.4 and 91.4/22.9mg/kg) for 60 days. At the end of drug treatment animals were sacrificed, serum was extracted and evaluated for Cr, U, and Ua. Kidney was harvested and evaluated for MDA, SOD, CAT and GSH. Results: Treatment with MT and ALA significantly (p<0.05) decreased baseline serum levels of Cr, U, Ua and kidney MDA level while kidney levels of SOD, CAT and GSH were decreased when compared to the control. On the contrary, treatment with LPV/r significantly (p<0.05) and dose -dependently increased serum Cr, U, Ua levels and kidney MDA level while kidney levels of SOD, CAT and GSH were decreased when compared to the control. But pretreatments with MT and ALA mitigated LPV/r induced changes in all evaluated parameters. Pronounced mitigation was observed with pretreatment using a combination of MT and ALA. Conclusion: Observations in this study may be due to the oxidant effect of LPV/r and the antioxidant effects of MT and ALA. This study, therefore recommends MT and ALA as treatment or prevention for LPV/r induced renal toxicity. 232 240 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/16 1394/6/25 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/28 1394/10/7 Elias Adikwu Elias Adikwu Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria adikwuelias@gmail.com Nelson Braimbaifa Nelson Braimbaifa Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria brambaifan@gmail.com Atuboyedia Wolfe Obianime Atuboyedia Wolfe Obianime Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria adikwuelias@yahoo.com Kidney Toxicity Lopinavir/Ritonavir Melatonin Alpha Lipoic Acid Rats Abd EL Salam S, Elnady, K , Zahran WM, and Ayobe MH. Protective effects of alpha lipoic acid on gamma irradiation hazards in male rats. Isotope & Rad. 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Acute application of cholecystokinin and its effect on long-term potentiation induction at CA1 area of hippocampal formation in rat 2 2 Introduction: It has been demonstrated that cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8s) can affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Because one of the major experimental models to understand the events happening in synaptic plasticity is To Study the long-term potentiation (LTP), we decided to investigate the effect of concomitant administration of CCK-8s and tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collateral path-CA1 synapses on LTP induction and maintenance. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were control, CCK-5min and CCK-30min. CCK-8s was injected 5 or 30 min (1.6 μg/kg; i.p.) prior to induction of LTP. The stimulating and the recording electrodes were placed in the Schaffer collateral pathway and hippocampal CA1, respectively. LTP was induced by 100 Hz tetanization and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) slope, area and amplitude were measured and compared during 30 minutes Interval before, and 90 minutes Interval after LTP induction in each group. Results: The results showed that maintenance of the induced LTP was significantly improved in the CCK-30min group comparing to the control group. This improvement was particularly visible in the fEPSP slope (p<0.001) and the fEPSP area (p<0.001). Seventy minutes after the LTP induction, fEPSP was similar in both the CCK-5min and the CCK-30min groups and there was Also a significant difference between the treated groups comparing to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that LTP induction and maintenance is carried out effectively, at higher levels of CCK in the brain. The data suggest that CCK-8s has pronounced effects on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and the consequent cognitive functions. 241 246 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/162015/09/14 1394/6/23 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/282015/11/28 1394/9/7 Farzane Dehghani Farzane Dehghani Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. dehghani.med@gmail.com Parham Reisi Parham Reisi Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. p_reisi@med.mui.ac.ir Cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide CA1 Hippocampus LTP. Acosta GB. Administration of cholecystokinin sulphated octapeptide (cck-8s) induces changes on rat amino acid tissue levels and on a behavioral test for anxiety. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 31: 637-41.##Altar CA, Boyar WC. Brain cck-b receptors mediate the suppression of dopamine release by cholecystokinin. Brain Res 1989; 483: 321-6.##Baptista V, Browning KN, Travagli RA. Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292: R1092-100.##Blandizzi C, Natale G, Carignani D, Colucci R, Lazzeri G, Del Tacca M. Central administration of cholecystokinin stimulates gastric pepsinogen secretion from anaesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 1995; 193: 13-6.##Bohme GA, Stutzmann JM, Blanchard JC. Excitatory effects of cholecystokinin in rat hippocampus: Pharmacological response compatible with \'central\'- or b-type cck receptors. Brain Res 1988; 451: 309-18.##Deng PY, Lei S. Bidirectional modulation of gabaergic transmission by cholecystokinin in hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells of juvenile rats. J Physiol 2006; 572: 425-42.##Deng PY, Xiao Z, Jha A, Ramonet D, Matsui T, Leitges M, et al. Cholecystokinin facilitates glutamate release by increasing the number of readily releasable vesicles and releasing probability. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 5136-48.##Dolatabadi LK, Reisi P. Acute effect of cholecystokinin on short-term synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Res Pharm Sci 2014; 9: 331-6.##Gronier B, Debonnel G. Electrophysiological evidence for the implication of cholecystokinin in the modulation of the n-methyl-d-aspartate response by sigma ligands in the rat ca3 dorsal hippocampus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996; 353: 382-90.##Kohler C, Chan-Palay V. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (cck-8) receptors in the hippocampal region: A comparative in vitro autoradiographic study in the rat, monkey and the postmortem human brain. Neurosci Lett 1988; 90: 51-6.##Liu XJ, Huang FS, Huang C, Yang ZM, Feng XZ. Analysis of high-frequency stimulation-evoked synaptic plasticity in mouse hippocampal ca1 region. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2008; 60: 284-91.##MacVicar BA, Kerrin JP, Davison JS. Inhibition of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus by cholecystokinin (cck) and its antagonism by a cck analog (cck27-33). Brain Res 1987; 406: 130-5.##Miller KK, Hoffer A, Svoboda KR, Lupica CR. Cholecystokinin increases gaba release by inhibiting a resting k+ conductance in hippocampal interneurons. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 4994-5003.##Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates-the new coronal set: Academic press, 2004.##Rezayat M, Roohbakhsh A, Zarrindast MR, Massoudi R, Djahanguiri B. Cholecystokinin and gaba interaction in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Physiol Behav 2005; 84: 775-82.##Sadeghi M, Radahmadi M, Reisi P. Effects of repeated treatment with cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide on passive avoidance memory under chronic restraint stress in male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4: 150.##Tirassa P, Costa N. Cck-8 induces ngf and bdnf synthesis and modulates trka and trkb expression in the rat hippocampus and septum: Effects on kindling development. Neurochem Int 2007; 50: 130-8.##Voits M, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Fink H. Repeated treatment with cholecystokinin octapeptide improves maze performance in aged fischer 344 rats. Peptides 2001; 22: 1325-30.##Whissell PD, Cajanding JD, Fogel N, Kim JC. Comparative density of cck- and pv-gaba cells within the cortex and hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9: 124.## ##

Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hexamethylenetetramine (Methenamine) Silver Nitrate 2 2 Introduction: Currently, developing new antibacterial drugs as alternative antibiotics is a very active area of research, due to widspreading widespread prevalence of resistant strains of microorganisms. This work intends to investigate of antibacterial properties and influence on immune blood cells of the silver-based compound hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) silver nitrate with general formula [Ag(CH2)6 N4]NO3. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effect of the silver complex was investigated by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods. Silver complex have been investigated for its impact on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and on immune cells during the reaction of blast transformation of lymphocytes (RBTL). Results: Studies have shown that hexamethylenetetramine silver nitrate possesses both bactericidal and bacteriostatic dose-dependent effect on tested bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Escherichia coli were shown to be the most susceptible bacteria. Cytotoxic effect of silver salt on lymphocytes was detected in high dosage in RBTL. No significant immunosuppressive impact on neutrophils phagocytic activity of tested complex was shown. Conclusion: Agents of nosocomial infections were highly susceptible to the drug. Complex has proved to be promising as a prospective antibacterial drug with wide range of activity. 247 252 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/162015/09/142015/09/20 1394/6/29 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/282015/11/282015/12/28 1394/10/7 Evgenii Plotnikov Evgenii Plotnikov Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia plotnikov.e@mail.ru Vladimir Pehenko Vladimir Pehenko Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia vovapekhenko@sibmail.com Vladimir Plotnikov Vladimir Plotnikov “Polytech” ltd, Tomsk, Russia plotnikov.vm@mail.ru Silver-based complex Methenamine Antibacterial drug Nosocomial infections Staphylococcus Streptococcus Silver hexamethylenetetramine Phagocytosis Lymphocytes blast transformation Cavassin ED, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Otoch JP, Seckler MM, Oliveira RA, Franco FF, Marangoni VS, Zucolotto V, Shafferman Levin AS, Costa SF. Comparison of methods to detect the in vitro activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) against multidrug resistant bacteria. 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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2011; 304: 1-8.##Maillard JY, Hartemann P. Silver as an antimicrobial: Facts and gaps in knowledge Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2012; 39(4): 1-11##Mase D. Alterations of glomerular basement membrane and electron dense deposits in various renal diseases--an electron microscopic study using periodic acid methenamine silver stain and immunohistochemical technique. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai shi. 1988; 30(6):671-8##Novikov DK, Novikova VA. Immune Status Assessment. Moscow: Medicine, 1996.##Plotnikov E, Gapeyev A, Plotnikov V. Investigation genotoxicity of new silver-based complex with antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2015; 7(7): 1-2.##Reller LB. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Review of General Principles and Contemporary Practices. Clin Infect Dis, 2009; 49 (11): 1749-1755.##Silnikov V, Plotnikov E, Plotnikov V. Pharmacokinetic studies of new silver-based complex. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2015; 6:1-6.##Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2004; 275(1):177-182.##Sukdeb P, Tak YK, Song JM. Does the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Depend on the Shape of the Nanoparticle? A Study of the Gram-Negative Bacterium Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007; 73: 1712-1720.##Thurman RB, Gerba CP. The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control, 1989; 18:295-315.##Zapata-Sirvent RL, Hansbrough JF. Cytotoxicity to human leukocytes by topical antimicrobial agents used for burn care. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 1993; 14(2):132-140.##Zhao G, Stevens SE. Multiple parameters for the comprehensive evaluation of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the silver ion. BioMetals 1998; 11: 27–32.## ##

Gemfibrozil protect PC12 cells through modulation of Estradiol receptors against oxidative stress 2 2 Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders that could impair neuronal functions and structures. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and etc. Gemfibrozil is used as a therapeutic drug for hyperlipidemia. It has been shown that gemfibrozil is neuroprotective via modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis pathway under oxidative stress condition and in a sex-dependent manner. Materials and Methods: In this study, neuronal-like PC12 cells with were pretreated with different concentrations of gemfibrozil and H2O2, concomitantly. Results: In gemfibrozil pretreated groups, reduced level of caspase-3 and raised mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) levels were detected. In contrast, adding fulvestrant, an Estradiol receptor antagonist, prevents the impact of gemfibrozil on oxidative stress condition, reducing its efficacy to protect the neurons against stress. Conclusion: Our results indicated the involvement of estradiol receptors in gemfibrozil neuroprotective mechanism, in diminishing oxidative stress-induced damage via reducing caspase-3 and inducing the level of TFAM that plays a crucial role in the mitochondrial biogenesis. 253 262 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/162015/09/142015/09/202015/09/7 1394/6/16 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/282015/11/282015/12/282015/11/28 1394/9/7 Ghorbangol Ashabi Ghorbangol Ashabi Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran as_habi@yahoo.com Leila Khalaj Leila Khalaj Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran lkhalaj@yahoo.com Gemfibrozil Mitochondrial transcription factor A Fulvestrant Caspase 3 H2O2 Amer J, Ghoti H, Rachmilewitz E, Koren A, Levin C, Fibach E. 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Anal Biochem 72(1976) 248-54.##Calkin AC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Allen TJ. Gemfibrozil decreases atherosclerosis in experimental diabetes in association with a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. Diabetologia 49(2006) 766-74.##Camara-Lemarroy CR, Guzman DELAGFJ, Cordero-Perez P, Ibarra-Hernandez JM, Munoz-Espinosa LE, Fernandez-Garza NE. Gemfibrozil attenuates the inflammatory response and protects rats from abdominal sepsis. Exp Ther Med 9(2015) 1018-22.##Canu N, Ciotti MT, Pollegioni L. Serine racemase: A key player in apoptosis and necrosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 6(2014) 9.##Carre JE, Orban JC, Re L, Felsmann K, Iffert W, Bauer M, et al. Survival in critical illness is associated with early activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(2010) 745-51.##Chen H, Hu CJ, He YY, Yang DI, Xu J, Hsu CY. Reduction and restoration of mitochondrial dna content after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. 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Activation of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels in High Salt Impairment of Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Aortic Relaxation in Rats 2 2 Introduction: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a key role in the regulation of vascular tone and protection of blood vessels against endothelial dysfunction. Since the mechanism of salt impairing H2S-induced vascular relaxation is not fully clear, therefore this study was designed to investigate the role of potassium (K+) channels in the vasodilatory effects of exogenous H2S in rat aortic rings. Materials and Methods: Isolated thoracic aortic rings of adult male albino rats fed 8% NaCl diet for six weeks were used for isometric tension recording using PowerLab tissue bath system. Results: The relaxation response to sodium disulfide (Na2S, an H2S donor) was reduced in aortic rings of rats that were either fed high salt (HS) or incubated in a medium containing 1,3 or 5mM/L of extra NaCl compared with control rings. Na2S-induced relaxation was lower in rings precontracted by high K+ than phenylephrine (PE, a selective α1adrenergic receptor agonist). In addition, incubation of aortic rings of HS loaded rats with inward-rectifier K+ (KIR) channels blocker individually or simultaneously with either ATP-dependent (KATP) or voltage-sensitive K+ (KV) channels blockers inhibited Na2S-induced relaxation in PE-precontracted rings; however it had no effects on rings pretreated with KATP channels blocker. In contrast, incubation of aortic rings of HS loaded rats with Ca+2 activated K+ (KCa) channels blocker individually or in combination with KIR channels blocker significantly enhanced Na2S-induced relaxation. Conclusion: These results revealed that HS partially impairs aortic relaxation caused by H2S, and that the mechanism of relaxation is mainly mediated by the stimulation of KIR channels and inhibition of KCa channels. 263 273 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/162015/09/142015/09/202015/09/72015/10/1 1394/7/9 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/282015/11/282015/12/282015/11/282016/01/19 1394/10/29 Abbas BQ Salihi Abbas BQ Salihi Biology Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq abbas.salihi@uni-sci.org Hydrogen sulfide KIR channels Relaxation Aorta High-salt diet Adegunloye B, Sofola O. Relaxation responses of aortic rings from salt-loaded high calcium fed rats to potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate. Pathophysio. 1998; 4: 275–280.##Al-Habib O, Salihi A. Endothelium derived relaxation factors reduce sulfur dioxide-induced aortic relaxation. OJMIP. 2013; 03: 181-185.##Altaany Z, Moccia F, Munaron L, Mancardi D, Wang R. 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Asymmetric Involvement of Central and the Peripheral NMDA Glutamate Receptors in the Expression of Withdrawal Syndrome in Morphine-Dependent Mice 2 2 Introduction: Morphine withdrawal syndrome is mediated via several central and peripheral neurological pathways. In the present study we investigated the role of N-methyl-D aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptor on naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in morphine-conditioned mice. Materials and Methods: We designed two separate experiments. In experiment one, 30 male NMRI mice were divided into 5 groups, pretreated with memantine (0.1, 1 and 5 mg/kg; I.P.) followed by morphine-dependence period for 3 days. In the other experiment, 48 male NMRI mice distributed into 8 groups, pretreated with intra-accumbens (IAc) memantine (1 and 5 μg/animal) within the right, left and both side of nucleus accumbens (RNAcc, LNAcc and BNAcc) followed by I.P. morphine-dependence (3 days). On day 4, in both experiments, morphine was injected into mice, followed by naloxone. Then naloxone-induced total jumping count, jump height and defecation in morphine-conditioned mice were recorded for 30 min. Results: Pre-treatment by I.P. injection of memantine significantly attenuated naloxone precipitated jumping count/30 min, jumping height (mm) and fecal material output in morphine dependent mice (P<0.05). Also, IAC pretreatment with memantine in LNAcc, RNAcc and BNAcc significantly declined the effect of I.P. injection of naloxone on total jumping count and jumping height (P<0.05), pretreatment within memantine in LNAcc, RNAcc and BNAcc had no effect on defecation (P>0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicated asymmetric involvement of central and peripheral NMDA glutamate receptors in withdrawal syndrome development in morphine-dependent mice. 274 284 2015/10/182015/09/272015/09/162015/09/142015/09/202015/09/72015/10/12015/09/17 1394/6/26 2015/12/112016/01/92015/12/282015/11/282015/12/282015/11/282016/01/192016/01/16 1394/10/26 Mahboubeh Kamali Mahboubeh Kamali Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran habib.yari@yahoo.com Hedayat Sahraei Hedayat Sahraei Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran sahraei1343@gmail.com Maryam Khosravi Maryam Khosravi Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran habib.yari@gmail.com Shahin Hassanpour Shahin Hassanpour Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran habib.yari@gmail.com Habib Yaribeygi Habib Yaribeygi Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran habib.yari@gmail.com Memantine NMDA glutamate receptors Morphine withdrawal syndrome Mice Benturquia, N., Le Guen, S., Canestrelli, C., Lagente, V., Apiou, G., Roques, B. 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