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Actors of necroptosis scenario in cell's scene 2 2 Necroptosis, as a novel concept, has been recently introduced in scientific literature. Much of our knowledge about necroptosis comes from ligation of tumor necrosis factor-α to its receptor, TNF receptor 1. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and its substrate, the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, have been comprehensively studied as influential components of this process. Emerging pioneering evidence suggests that many molecules, organelles and mechanisms are involved in necroptosis pathway. The aim of this review is presentation of molecular mechanisms of necroptosis in three phases including initiation, regulation and execution of necroptosis. Moreover, this review will summarize unprecedented insights into the contribution of various organelles and cell compartments such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus in necroptosis pathway. 88 101 2016/12/12 1395/9/22 2017/03/8 1395/12/18 Sara Nikseresht Sara Nikseresht Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran sara.nikseresht@sbmu.ac.ir Fariba Khodagholi Fariba Khodagholi Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran khodagholi@sbmu.ac.ir Abolhassan Ahmadiani Abolhassan Ahmadiani Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran aahmadiani@yahoo.com Cell Necroptosis Organelles Aki T, Funakoshi T, Uemura K. Regulated necrosis and its implications in toxicology. Toxicology 2015; 333: 118-26.##Ardestani S, Deskins DL, Young PP. 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Treatment by Moringa oleifera extract can reduce gingival inflammatory cytokines in the rat periodontal model 2 2 Introduction: Overproduction of gingival pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated to play a noticeable role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, which is characterized by host-mediated destruction of soft and hard periodontal tissues. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a highly valued medicinal plant which has a wide impressive range of traditional medical applications and is an alternative medicine for synthetic drugs which are accompanied with many downsides. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of administration of the MO extract on gingival levels of TNF-α and IL1-β in the rat periodontal model. Methods: Inflammatory periodontitis was induced using 0-3 ligatures around the neck of right mandibular first molar in male rats. MO leaf extract was solved in dimethyl sulfoxide and injected into the gum tissue directly (500mg/kg) as a pre/post-treatment. Positive control group gave indomethacin (5mg/kg) on a daily basis. Gingival levels of TNF-α and IL1-β were measured using ELISA. Results: The results of this study revealed that levels of IL1-β and TNF-α increased in the gingival tissue in a model of periodontitis compared to control group (P≤0.001). Also, the results indicated that administration of MO extract could reduce production of TNF-α and IL1-β in the gum tissue of rat periodontal model (P≤0.001). There was no significant difference between MO extract and indomethacin anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pre/post-treatment with MO extract due to its direct effect on inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines can alleviate inflammatory symptoms in a rat periodontal model. 102 109 2016/12/122017/01/23 1395/11/4 2017/03/82017/05/19 1396/2/29 Mahdiyeh Sahrakary Mahdiyeh Sahrakary Dental Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran mahdiehsahrakari@yahoo.com Vida Nazemian Vida Nazemian Neurophysiology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran vida.nazemian@gmail.com Maryam Aghaloo Maryam Aghaloo Dental Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran jzaringhalam@gmail.com Akhtar Akbari Akhtar Akbari Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ak_akbari86@yahoo.com Mahdi Shadnoush Mahdi Shadnoush Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran mshadnoush@gmail.com Behzad Nasseri Behzad Nasseri Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran nasseri.behzad@yahoo.com Jalal Zaringhalam Jalal Zaringhalam Neurophysiology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran jzaringhalam@yahoo.com Inflammation periodontitis TNF-α IL-1β Moringa Oleifera Aguilar-Sanchez R, Ahuatl-Garcia F, Davila-Jimenez MM, Elizalde-Gonzalez MP, Guevara-Villa MRG. Chromatographic and electrochemical determination of quercetin and kaempferol in phytopharmaceuticals. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 2005; 38: 239-249.##Bansal S, Rastigo S, Bajpai M, Mechanical,chemical and herbal aspects of periodontitis: a review. IJSR 5 (2012) 1260-67. ##Ezeamuzie I, Ambakederemo A, Shode F, Ekwebelem S, Antiinflammatory effects of Moringa oleifera root extract. Int J Pharmacogn 34 (1996) 207-12.##Graves DT, The potential role of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease progression. Clin Infect Dis 28 (1999) 482-90. ##Guardia T, Rotelli AE, Juarez AO, Pelzer LE, Anti-inflammatory properties of plant flavonoids. Effects of rutin, quercetin and hesperidin on adjuvant arthritis in rat. Il farmaco 56 (2001) 67-83.##Gupta M, Kanti MU, Chakrabarti S, CNS activities of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera root in mice. Fitoterapia 70 (1999) 244-50.##Hukkeri VI, Nagathan CV, Karadi RV, Patil BS, Antipyretic and wound healing activities of moringa oleifera lam. in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 68 (2006) 124-6.##Ionel A, Lucaciu O, Moga M, Buhatel D, Ilea A, Tabaran F, et al., Periodontal disease induced in Wistar rats-experimental study. HVM Bioflux 7 (2015) 90-95.##Lampronti I, Khan MT, Borgatti M, Bianchi N, Gambari R, Inhibitory effects of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts on interactions between transcription factors and target DNA sequences. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 5 (2008) 303-12.##Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA, Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats. J Immunotoxicol 4 (2007) 39-47.##Manaheji H, Jafari S, Zaringhalam J, Rezazadeh S, Taghizadfarid R, Analgesic effects of methanolic extracts of the leaf or root of Moringa oleifera on complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 9 (2011) 216-22.##Mohamad khani zade A, Zaringhalam Moghadam J, Sonboli A, Ayari M, Mirjafari S, Effects of hydroalcholic and chloroformic extracts of Salvia Candidissima on hyperalgesia and edema during adjuvant-induced arthritis. Koomesh 16 (2015) 239-45.##Ndiaye M, Dieye A, Mariko F, Tall A, Sall DA, Faye B, Contribution to the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera (moringaceae). Dakar Med 47 (2001) 210-12. ##Ndong M, Uehara M, Katsumata S, Sato S, Suzuki K, Preventive effects of Moringa oleifera (Lam) on hyperlipidemia and hepatocyte ultrastructural changes in iron deficient rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71 (2007) 1826-33.##Pellegrini G, Seol YJ, Gruber R, Giannobile WV, Pre-clinical models for oral and periodontal reconstructive therapies. J Dent Res 88 (2009) 1065-76.##Rizzo A, Bevilacqua N, Guida E, et al., Effect of rcsveratrol and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells. 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Effects of preconditioning with intermittent normobaric hyperoxia on TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression in the rat brain 2 2 Introduction: Recent studies have shown that intermittent normobaric hyperoxia (HO) protects the rat brain from ischemia reperfusion injury. However, the exact mechanism of this kind of protection in vivo is not known. In this study, the effect of HO on expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in a stroke model was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, rats were divided into 4 groups: normoxia – sham, hyperoxia – sham, normoxia – stroke and hyperoxia –stroke for each factor (TNFR1 or TNFR2). Hyperoxia groups were exposed to 95% inspired oxygen for 4 h/day and 6 consecutive days. Oxygen concentration in the control groups was 21% (normoxia, room air). After 24h, the rats were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24h reperfusion, neurological deficit scores (NDS) and TNFR1, 2 brain levels using Western Blot were assessed. Results: Preconditioning with HO decreased NDS. Also, followed by stroke and reperfusion, TNFR1 levels significantly increased; while there was no significant difference in hyperoxia groups compared with normoxia groups in the cortex, HO significantly reduced TNFR1 expression in subcortex. On the other hand, groups of stroke compared to sham groups significantly expressed lower levels of TNFR2 in the cortex and subcortex. There was no significant difference in hyperoxia groups compared with normoxia groups in these areas. Conclusion: Although additional studies will be required to further elucidate precise mechanisms of ischemic tolerance, it seems that HO is associated with the expression of TNFR1 in subcortex, consistent with an active role in the genesis of ischemic protection. 110 119 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/30 1395/11/11 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/23 1396/3/2 Firoozeh Alavian Firoozeh Alavian Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran f.alavian@cfu.ac.ir Sohrab Hajizadeh Sohrab Hajizadeh Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran hajizads@modares.ac.ir Mohammad Javan Mohammad Javan Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran mjavan@modares.ac.ir Mohammad Reza Bigdeli Mohammad Reza Bigdeli Department of Biology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran bigdelimohammadreza@yahoo.com Hyperoxia Stroke MCAO TNFR1 TNFR2 1. Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Khavjou OA, et al. 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Influence of oxidative stress on induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 1992; 599: 246-252.##8. Bigdeli MR, Hajizadeha S, Froozandeh M, Rasulianc B, Heidarianpour A, Khoshbaten A. Prolonged and intermittent normobaric hyperoxia induce different degrees of ischemic tolerance in rat brain tissue. Brain Res 2007; 1152: 228-233.##9. Wada k, Kiyazawa T, Nomura N, Yano A, Tsuzuki N, Nawashiro H, et al. Mn - SOD and Bcl-2 expression after repeated hyperbaric oxygenation. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2000; 76 (285-290).##10. Alavian F, Hajizadeh S, Javan M, Bigdeli MR. EVALUATION OF HIF1α EXPRESSION IN ISCHEMIC TOLERANCE INDUCED BY INTERMITTENT NORMOBARIC HYPEROXIA IN THE RAT MODEL OF STROKE. 2012.##11. Mohammadi E, Bigdeli MR. Time course of neuroprotection induced by normobaric hyperoxia and NCX1 expression. Brain injury 2014; 28 (8): 1127-1134.##12. Alavian F, Hajizadeh S, Bigdeli MR, Bayat GR, Javan M. Evaluation of UCP2 expression in the phenomenon of ischemic resistance induced by alternating normobaric hyperoxia in a rat model of stroke. Physiology and Pharmacology 2012; 16 (1): 54-61.##13. Bigdeli MR, Rasoulian B, Meratan AA. In vivo normobaric hyperoxia preconditioning induces different degrees of antioxidant enzymes activities in rat brain tissue. Neuropharmacology and Analgesia 2009; 611: 22–29.##14. Liu J, Ginis I, Spatz M, Hallenbeck JM. Hypoxic preconditioning protects cultured neurons against hypoxic stress via TNF-α and ceramide. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2000; 278 (1): C144-C153.##15. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B. An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1975; 72 (9): 3666-3670.##16. Sedger LM, McDermott MF. TNF and TNF-receptors: From mediators of cell death and inflammation to therapeutic giants-past, present and future. 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Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science 1994; 264 (5159): 667-668.##23. Aggarwal BB, Eessalu TE, Hass PE. Characterization of receptors for human tumour necrosis factor and their regulation by γ-interferon. 1985.##24. Choi SJ, Lee K-H, Park HS, Kim S-K, Koh C-M, Park JY. Differential expression, shedding, cytokine regulation and function of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in human fetal astrocytes. Yonsei medical journal 2005; 46 (6): 818-826.##25. Cabal-Hierro L, Noelia A, Iglesias Jn. A TRAF2 binding independent region of TNFR2 is responsibl for TRAF2 depletion and enhancement of cytotoxicity driven b TNFR1. Oncotarget 2014; 5 (1): 224.##26. Defer N, Azroyan A, Pecker Fo, Pavoine C. TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling interplay in cardiac myocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007; 282 (49): 35564-35573.##27. Wan T, Xu Z, Zhou HJ, Zhang H, Luo Y, Li Y, et al. Functional Analyses of TNFR2 in Physiological and Pathological Retina AngiogenesisTNFR2 Mediates Retinal Angiogenesis. 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Royal jelly can modulate behavioral and histomorphometrical disorders caused by Parkinson's disease in rats 2 2 Introduction: The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly (RJ) on the number of Nissl-stained neurons in caudate putamen unit (CPU) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and the thickness of gray (TGm) and white matter (TWm) of cerebral and cerebellar cortex in male rats with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Seventy five Sprague-Dawley adults’ male rats were used. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1- control intact rats; 2- sham; rats received 0.02% ascorbic acid diluted in saline by CPU injection 3- PD induction without treatment; 4 and 5- PD induction + 100 or 200 mg/kg/day RJ for 21 days started 4 weeks after lesion induction. PD induction was carried out by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in CPU. The apomorphine were done one week before lesion as well as, second, fourth and seventh weeks after lesion. Nissl-stained neurons of SNC and CPU were counted. The thickness of gray and white matter was measured by histomorphometry. Results: data showed that RJ has corrected net contralateral turns of PD. RJ at both doses significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of Nissl-stained neurons in SNC and CPU in comparison to PD induction without treatment. RJ at low dose significantly (P<0.05) increased TGm and TWm of the cerebral cortex and it significantly (P<0.05) increased TGm but not TWm of cerebellum. RJ at high dose significantly (P<0.05) increased TGm and TWm in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Conclusion: Results indicate that RJ can improve PD symptoms; this effect was associated with histomorphometrical disorders. 120 128 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/13 1395/8/23 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/11 1395/10/22 Mahnaz Taherianfard Mahnaz Taherianfard Physiology Division of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran taherian2001@yahoo.com Saiedeh Ahmadi Jokani Saiedeh Ahmadi Jokani Physiology Division of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran sahmadi@yahoo.com Zabihollah Khaksar Zabihollah Khaksar Anatomical Division of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran khaksar@yahoo.com Parkinson’s disease Dopamine Apomorphine Royal jelly Rat Histomorphometry Bohnen NI, Albin RL. White matter lesions in parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7: 229-36.##Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR. 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Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 34: 441-66.##Giompres P, Delis F. Dopamine transporters in the cerebellum of mutant mice. Cerebellum 2005; 4: 105-11.##Gonzalez-Redondo R, Garcia-Garcia D, Clavero P, Gasca-Salas C, Garcia-Eulate R, Zubieta JL, et al. Grey matter hypometabolism and atrophy in parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment: A two-step process. Brain 2014; 137: 2356-67.##Gulley RL, Wood RL. The fine structure of the neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Tissue Cell 1971; 3: 675-90.##Hashimoto M, Kanda M, Ikeno K, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Ogawa Y, et al. Oral administration of royal jelly facilitates mrna expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament h in the hippocampus of the adult mouse brain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 69: 800-5.##Hattori N, Nomoto H, Fukumitsu H, Mishima S, Furukawa S. Royal jelly and its unique fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, promote neurogenesis by neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Biomed Res 2007; 28: 261-6.##Hattori N, Nomoto H, Mishima S, Inagaki S, Goto M, Sako M, et al. Identification of amp n1-oxide in royal jelly as a component neurotrophic toward cultured rat pheochromocytoma pc12 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 70: 897-906.##Hattori N, Ohta S, Sakamoto T, Mishima S, Furukawa S. Royal jelly facilitates restoration of the cognitive ability in trimethyltin-intoxicated mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011a; 2011: 165968.##Hattori T, Orimo S, Aoki S, Ito K, Abe O, Amano A, et al. Cognitive status correlates with white matter alteration in parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2011b; 33: 727-39.##Hurley MJ, Mash DC, Jenner P. Markers for dopaminergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum in normal individuals and patients with parkinson's disease examined by rt-pcr. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18: 2668-72.##Jankovic J. 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Alteration of OGG1, MYH and MTH1 genes expression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients 2 2 Introduction: Previous studies revealed that oxidative stress is elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS). It can harm to biological macromolecules such as DNA. However, the molecular mechanism in protection of genetic information from DNA damages is not clear in MS disease. In this study the expression level of some important genes of OGG1 and MYH involved in base excision repair pathway and, MTH1 and ITPA as main cleaning genes of nucleotide pool from rough nucleotides are examined in MS patients in compared to healthy group. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from relapsing-remitting-MS patients and healthy subjects. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression levels of target genes were examined by RT-qPCR technique. Results: The level of the MTH1 and MYH genes expression were decreased, but the level of OGG1 mRNA was higher in patients in comparison to the control group. Obtained result did not shown any correlation between expression of examined genes and clinical features of patients such as MS severity and disease duration. Conclusion: These preliminary results provide more supportive evidences for involvement of oxidative damage and variation in expression of DNA repair genes in MS. Significant increase of OGG1 suggest that the development and progression of pathogenesis in Iranian MS can be related to chronic and direct oxidative damage of genomic DNA not nucleotide pools. 129 136 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/132017/01/27 1395/11/8 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/112017/05/23 1396/3/2 Roya Amirinejad Roya Amirinejad Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran amirinejad87@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Sahraian Mohammad Ali Sahraian MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran msahrai@sina.tums.ac.ir Bahram Mohammad Soltani Bahram Mohammad Soltani Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran soltanib@modares.ac.ir Mehrdad Behmanesh Mehrdad Behmanesh Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran behmanesh@modares.ac.ir Multiple Sclerosis DNA repair Genes expression Oxidative stress OGG1 Adamczyk B, Adamczyk-Sowa M. 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Effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine on synaptic plasticity and TNF-α level at hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats 2 2 Introduction: Studies have indicated that diabetes mellitus impairs hippocampus. Diabetes increases the risk of depression and treatment with antidepressants may affect learning and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine on synaptic plasticity and TNF-α level in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Experimental groups were control, diabetes, diabetes-amitriptyline and diabetes-fluoxetine (n=8 for each experimental group). Three weeks after the induction of diabetes, the rats received treatment with amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) for 21 days. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses was assessed (by 400 Hz tetanization) for investigating the effect of treatments on synaptic plasticity. Field excitatory post-synaptic potential indices were measured. Finally, TNF-α levels were measured in hippocampus by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Results: Six weeks after the diabetes induction, LTP wasn’t different between the control and the diabetes groups and also no significant differences were observed between the diabetes and the diabetes-treated groups; however, amitriptyline and fluoxetine impaired LTP in diabetic rats and there was a significant difference between the control and the diabetes-treated groups. Comparing to the controls, TNF-α level was increased significantly (P<0.05) only in the diabetes-amitriptyline group. Conclusion: Results suggest that amitriptyline and fluoxetine intensify the destructive effects of diabetes on hippocampus and that TNF-α may act as a mediator for these changes; however, other factors may also be involved. Hence, treatment of diabetic patients with antidepressants must be done with extra care. 137 146 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/132017/01/272016/10/29 1395/8/8 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/112017/05/232017/03/17 1395/12/27 Parham Reisi Parham Reisi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran p_reisi@med.mui.ac.ir Fatemeh Sepahvand Fatemeh Sepahvand Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran fatemeh.sepahvand75@gmail.com Ghasem Zarei Ghasem Zarei Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran yamahdi123@gmail.com Leila Kamali Dolatabadi Leila Kamali Dolatabadi Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran leili_kamali@yahoo.com Shaghayegh Haghjooye Javanmard Shaghayegh Haghjooye Javanmard Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran shaghayegh.haghjoo@gmail.com Hojjatallah Alaei Hojjatallah Alaei Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran alaei@med.mui.ac.ir Amitriptyline Fluoxetine Diabetes LTP TNF-α Hippocampus. 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Role of the AMPA receptors of paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus in the inflammatory pain modulation in male rat 2 2 Introduction: The 17β-estradiol acts as a neurosteroid in the brain and modulates nociception by binding to the estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like glutamate receptors. Paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus (LPGi) is one of the important brain regions implicated in the pain modulation. So, this study was designed to evaluate the possible involvement of the membrane-bound AMPA receptors of LPGi nucleus in the pain modulatory effect of intra-LPGi 17β-estradiol in the male rats. Methods: In order to study the pain modulatory effect of intra-LPGi microinjection of 17β-estradiol, cannulation into the LPGi nucleus was performed. Then, 500 nl of saline, 17β-estradiol and CNQX- the AMPA receptor antagonist- were unilaterally administered into the right LPGi by injection cannula and Hamilton syringe. In addition, for assessing the role of the AMPA receptors in the pain modulation by 17β-estradiol, 17β-estradiol was injected 15 min after the intra-LPGi administration of CNQX. Then, 50 μl of 4% formalin was subcutaneously injected into the plantar surface of contralateral hind paw and the number of paw jerking behavior was observed for 60 min. Results: The results showed that intra-LPGi injection of 0.8 μmol of 17β-estradiol attenuated the chronic phase (P<0.001) of paw jerking behaviour. CNQX significantly prevented the antinociceptive effect of intra-LPGi 17β-estradiol both in the acute (P<0.05) and in the chronic phase (P<0.001) of formalin test. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that the analgesic effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol might be mediated via AMPA receptors. 147 154 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/132017/01/272016/10/292016/10/8 1395/7/17 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/112017/05/232017/03/172017/03/15 1395/12/25 Roghaieh Khakpay Roghaieh Khakpay Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran rkhakpai@gmail.com Maryam Azaddar Maryam Azaddar Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran maryam.azaddar@yahoo.com 17β-Estradiol Paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus AMPA receptors Formalin test. Aloisi A, Ceccarelli I. Role of gonadal hormones in formalin-induced pain responses of male rats: modulation by estradiol and naloxone administration. Neuroscience. 1999;95(2):559-566.##Aloisi A, Ceccarelli I, Lupo C. 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Effects of selenium nanoparticles on kidney and liver functional disorders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats 2 2 Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, as a chronic metabolic disease, is associated with a wide range of kidney and liver disorders. The goal of this study was to indicate the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the function of kidney and liver enzymes in stereptozocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, 35 male wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=7): control, diabetic control and three experimental groups receiving selenium nanoparticle solutions at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg/BW respectively. To induce diabetes in rats, a single dose of streptozocin (60 mg/kg/BW) was injected intraperitoneally. After the experimental period, blood samples were collected from all groups and the blood factors associated with the liver enzymes and kidney factors were measured and analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the levels of fasting blood sugar in all groups treated with selenium nanoparticles had a significant reduction compared to the diabetic group (P≤0.05). Aspartate amino transferase had a significant reduction at the maximum dose compared to the diabetic group (P≤ 0.05). Also a significant decrease in the level of albumin was seen in the group treated with selenium nanoparticle (P≤ 0.05). Selenium nanoparticle treatment made a significant decreases in the levels of urea and ceratinine at the maximum dose (P≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of selenium nanoparticles in proper dosages may have beneficial effects on diabetic complications by lowering blood sugar as well as reducing the increased levels of the liver enzymes and kidney factors, albumin and cratinine resulting in the better function of kidney and liver. 155 162 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/132017/01/272016/10/292016/10/82016/09/25 1395/7/4 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/112017/05/232017/03/172017/03/152017/01/22 1395/11/3 Mahnaz Rezaei-Kelishadi Mahnaz Rezaei-Kelishadi Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran m.rezaie81@yahoo.com Ali Ghasemi Ali Ghasemi Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran alighasemi03@yahoo.com Nasser Nabi Abdolyosefi Nasser Nabi Abdolyosefi Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran naser_nabi88@yahoo.com Setareh Zamani-Doabi Setareh Zamani-Doabi Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran sk_9678@yahoo.com Majid Ramezani Majid Ramezani Department of Internal Medicine, Baghiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani Department of Physiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran ashtiyani@sums.ac.ir Azar Rahimi Azar Rahimi Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran ronak.r323@gmail.com Selenium Nanoparticle Liver enzymes Diabetes Ahmed HH, Abd El-Maksoud MD, Abdel Moneim AE, Aglan HA. 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Swertia longifolia Boiss has beneficial effects on hepatic and renal functions in diabetic rats 2 2 Introduction: Diabetes is a multifactorial syndrome with high prevalence which may induce serious disorders in the body organs like the liver and kidney. This study aimed to compare the effects of the alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Swertia longifolia Boiss on blood glucose, lipid profiles and liver and kidney function tests in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Methods: Thirty five male rats were put into five groups: control, diabetic control and three diabetic experimental groups which were gavaged with alcoholic extract of Swertia longifolia Boiss at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW and glibenclamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW, respectively. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. At the end of day 21 blood samples were collected from all groups and the blood factors were measured and analyzed. Results: The levels of creatinine, urea, liver enzymes, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein increased in the diabetic control group compared to the control, while the mentioned factors in the groups receiving Swertia longifolia Boiss alcoholic extract decreased significantly (P<0.05). In the experimental group receiving glibenclamide, the levels of creatinine, urea and lipid profiles also decreased, while the levels of liver enzymes and insulin significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of the alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Swertia longifolia Boiss by lowering lipid profiles, liver enzymes, creatinine and urea as well as increasing insulin levels had beneficial effects on the hepatic and renal functions and could alleviate the symptoms of increased glucose and hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats. 163 171 2016/12/122017/01/232017/01/302016/11/132017/01/272016/10/292016/10/82016/09/252016/10/2 1395/7/11 2017/03/82017/05/192017/05/232017/01/112017/05/232017/03/172017/03/152017/01/222017/01/11 1395/10/22 Ali Zarei Ali Zarei Department of Physiology, School of Nursing Hazrat Zahra (P.B.U.H) Abadeh, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran zarei.ali40@gmail.com Ali Akbar Malekirad Ali Akbar Malekirad Department of Biology, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran ak_malekirad@yahoo.com Mohammad Abdollahi Mohammad Abdollahi Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad.Abdollahi@UToronto.Ca Gholamhassan Vaezi Gholamhassan Vaezi Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran gh.vaezi@yahoo.com Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani Department of Physiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran ashtiyani@sums.ac.ir Diabetes Liver Kidney Streptozotocin Swertia longifolia Boiss Ali H, Anwar M, Ahmad T, Chand N. 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