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Long non‐coding RNA Miat mediates cross-talk between the kidneys and hippocampus in the rat model of acute kidney injury 2 2 Introduction: The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been intensively studied in the development of several human diseases. Myocardial infarction-associated transcript (Miat) is among the most abundant and highly conserved lncRNAs that exhibits deregulation in some critical diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Miat may also play a role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and neurological consequences. Methods: In the present study, the expression of lncRNA Miat was measured in the rat kidney and hippocampus tissues to assess if there is an association between the expression of it and AKI. AKI was induced by clamping the bilateral renal artery for 45min and was confirmed 24 hours after reperfusion by biochemical markers and histopathological assessments in rat kidneys. Results: We observed an increasing trend of Miat expression (256-fold) in the kidney as well as the hippocampus (2-fold) following AKI. Conclusion: It appears that there is a relationship between the deregulation of the Miat expression and AKI and the hippocampal involvement, although more studies are needed to confirm the functional effect of this lncRNA in AKI. 1 9 2019/03/27 1398/1/7 2019/08/24 1398/6/2 Maryam Malek Maryam Malek Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran malek.maryam@med.mui.ac.ir Farnaz Mohammadtaheri Farnaz Mohammadtaheri Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran Parvaneh Nikpour Parvaneh Nikpour Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Azar Baradaran Azar Baradaran Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Long non‐coding RNA Miat Acute kidney injury Hippocampus. Albertson DN, Schmidt CJ, Kapatos G, Bannon MJ. 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Protective effect of nobiletin against apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydoamine in human neuroblastoma cells 2 2 Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the damage of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Despite considerable research, therapeutic approaches aimed at the prevention and long-term treatment of PD have not been quite successful. Therefore, there is a tendency for the identification of novel medical intervention derived from natural substances. Nobiletin, an important citrus flavonoid commonly present in sweet and bitter orange peel, has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective agent in animal models of PD. This study was aimed to assess the potentials of nobiletin in preventing neuronal death and caspase-3 in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were grown in DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without nobiletin was added to cells. After 24h, the cells were examined for morphological changes under a light microscope and viability by MTT assay. The protective doses of nobiletin was chosen through a pilot study and accordingly the doses 50 and 250μM were selected for further assessments. Western blot assays were done to examine the effect of 6-OHDA with/without nobiletin on cleaved (active) caspase-3. Results: Our results showed that nobiletin is effective in attenuating the effect of 6-OHDA on cell viability by the MTT assay. Nobiletin also reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 induced by 6-OHDA. Conclusion: These results suggest that nobiletin has protective effects against dopaminergic neural toxicity and its anti-apoptotic effect is involved, at least in part, in such protection. 10 18 2019/03/272019/06/10 1398/3/20 2019/08/242019/10/5 1398/7/13 Roksana SoukhakLari Roksana SoukhakLari Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Majid Reza Farokhi Majid Reza Farokhi Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Maryam Moosavi Maryam Moosavi Nanobiology and Nanomedicine Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran marmoosavi@sums.ac.ir Nobiletin SH-SY5Y Caspase-3 Cell viability 6-OHDA. Amiri E, Ghasemi R, Moosavi M. Agmatine protects against 6-ohda-induced apoptosis, and erk and akt/gsk disruption in sh-sy5y cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36: 829-838. DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0266-7. ##Blum D, Torch S, Lambeng N, Nissou M, Benabid AL, Sadoul R, et al. 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Combination effect of ecstasy and curcumin on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobulin levels in early and late phase in male rats 2 2 Introduction: Consumption of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), a derivative of amphetamine, can results in various undesirable side effects including hematological and serological parameters. This study is intended to examine the effects of curcumin along with MDMA in the early and late phase of consumption on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobins (IgM, IgG and IgA) levels. Methods: We used 56 male rats that are divided into 7 groups: group1 (control), group2 (MDMA+vehicle1), group3 (curcumin), group4 (MDMA+early curcumin), group5 (MDMA+vehicle2), group6 (MDMA+late curcumin) and group7 (MDMA+early&late curcumin). The groups were received MDMA (20mg/kg) orally and curcumin (20μM/kg) intra-peritoneally for 2 and 4 weeks (n=8). After 24h of final dose, rats were anesthetized and blood samples were collected and used for determination of hematological parameters and IgM, IgG and IgA levels using a Coulter Automated Cell Counter and ELISA kit. Results: Our data indicated that either MDMA alone or in combination with curcumin in both early and late phases decreased lymphocytes, platelet, total leukocyte count and RBC, MCHC, RDW, immunoglobin levels, as well as hemoglobin content in comparison with the control group. In contrast, the amount of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, mean cell volume and HCT increased. Furthermore, we observed blood parasites of red blood cells in the MDMA groups with curcumin. Conclusion: In conclusion, MDMA alone and in combination of curcumin altered the hematological parameters. Furthermore, their combination therapy induces toxic effects on hematological parameters and serum immunoglobin levels. This is a serious consequence for recreational drug users. 19 27 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/12 1397/10/22 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/23 1398/8/1 Naser Khalaji Naser Khalaji Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Adel Mohammadzadeh Adel Mohammadzadeh Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Masoomeh Naseri Goosheh Derag Masoomeh Naseri Goosheh Derag Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Roya Naderi Roya Naderi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran naderi.r@umsu.ac.ir Elham Asgari Hassanlouei Elham Asgari Hassanlouei Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Ecstasy Blood cells Immunoglobulins Curcumin. Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB. 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Prescribing patterns of antibiotics outpatients received by pharmacies in Medan city, Indonesia in 2017 2 2 Introduction: This study aimed to determine the patterns of antibiotic use from prescriptions of physicians received by pharmacies in Medan from January to March 2017. Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional method using direct observation of prescriptions received by 100 pharmacies in Medan city. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and grouped based on the antibiotic names, antibiotic classes, type of drugs, dosage forms and prescriptions. Results: A total of 12,388 prescription sheets were obtained from 100 pharmacies in Medan during the study period in which 3,823 of the prescription sheets (30.96%) contained antibiotics. According to the data, 4,029 antibiotics were prescribed by physicians in which amoxicillin (20.63%) and cephalosporin groups (25.94%) as the most widely prescribed antibiotic and antibiotic class, respectively. A total of 1,923 antibiotics (47.73%) were prescribed with generic names and more than half of the antibiotics were prescribed in the dosage form of tablets (65.65%). This study also found that Ear Nose Throat (ENT) specialists are medical doctors who prescribe antibiotics the most. Conclusion: Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions is still quite high in which amoxicillin as the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. In addition, ENT specialists as the most frequent prescribers of antibiotics. 28 33 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/20 1397/12/29 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/23 1398/8/1 Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Indonesia khairunnisa7@usu.ac.id Embun Suci Nasution Embun Suci Nasution Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Indonesia Antibiotics Drug use patterns Pharmacy Prescription. Abdulah, R. (2012). antibiotic Abuse in Developing Countries. Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: Open Access. 2012; 2: 1000e106. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7689.1000e106.##Alshakka M, Said K, Babakri M, Ansari M, Aldhubhani A, Hassali MA, Ibrahim M. A Study on Antibiotics Prescribing Pattern at Outpatient Department in Four Hospitals in Aden-Yemen. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine. 2016; 23: 88–93. https://doi.org/10.5530/jppcm.2016.3.5.##Andrajati R, Tilaqza A, Supardi S. Factors related to rational antibiotic prescriptions in community health centers in Depok City, Indonesia. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2017; 1: 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.01.012.##Bbosa GS, Wong G, Kyegombe DB, Ogwal-Okeng J. Effects of intervention measures on irrational antibiotics/antibacterial drug use in developing countries: A systematic review. Health. 2014; 2: 171–187. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.62027##Desalegn AA. Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Hawassa University teaching and referral hospital, south Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research. 2013; 1: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-170.##Dhillon PK, Jeemon P, Arora NK, Mathur P, Maskey M, Sukirna RD, Prabhakaran D. Status of epidemiology in the who South-East Asia region: Burden of disease, determinants of health and epidemiological research, workforce and training capacity. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2012; 3: 847–860. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys046.##Grosso G, Marventano S, Ferranti R, Mistretta A. Pattern of antibiotic use in the community: Non-adherence and self-prescription rates in an Italian urban population. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2012; 5: 1305–1310. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.818.##Gupta I, Guin P. Communicable diseases in the South-East Asia Region of the World Health Organization: Towards a more effective response. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010; 3: 199–205. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.065540.##Hadi U, Duerink DO, Lestari ES, Nagelkerike NJ, Werter S, Keuter M, et. al. Survey of antibiotic use of individuals visiting public healthcare facilities in Indonesia. International Journak of Infections Diseases. 2008; 12: 622-629.##Kaor S, Rao R, Nanda S. Amoxicillin: A broad spectrum antibiotic. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 3: 30–37. ##Khanam R, Ain M, Shahzad N, Aqil M, Alam M. Drug utilization pattern of antibacterials used in ear, nose and throat outpatient and inpatient departments of a university hospital at New Delhi, India. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences. 2010; 1: 8–12. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.62695.##Kotwani A, Wattal C, Katewa S, Joshic PC, Holloway K. Factors influencing primary care physicians to prescribe antibiotics in Delhi India. Family Practice. 2010; 6: 684–690. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq059.##Lopez FL, Ernest TB, Tuleu C, Gul MO. Formulation approaches to pediatric oral drug delivery: benefits and limitations of current platforms. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2015; 11: 1727–1740. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2015.1060218.##Munaf S. Antibiotic prescription practices in six primary health centers in South Sumatra. Medical Journal of Indonesia. 2005; 14: 44–49. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v14i1.170.##Pradipta I, Kartikawati A, Hartanto H, Febrina E, Ronasih E, Abdulah R, Amelia R. Three years of antibacterial consumption in Indonesian Community Health Centers: The application of anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily doses and drug utilization 90% method to monitor antibacterial use. Journal of Family and Community Medicine. 2015; 2: 101–105. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.155385.##Rachmawati M, Yoshida N, Tsuboi H. Investigation of Antibiotic Use at a Dental Teaching Hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Review from Guidelines. Pharmacology & Pharmacy. 2014; 5: 524–531. ##Raza UA, Khursheed T, Irfan M, Abbas M, Irfan UM. Prescription patterns of general practitioners in peshawar, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014; 3: 462–465. ##Shamsuddin S, Akkawi ME, Zaidi STR, Ming LC, Manan MM. 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Sub-threshold electrical stimulation improves wingless-type3 and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α expression in the presence of exogenous astrocyte in the rat model of spinal cord injury 2 2 Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition which can lead to permanent loss of neurons, glial and precursor cells. According to the positive influences of electrical stimulation in the neurogenesis, we hypothesized that sub-threshold electrical stimulation in the presence of exogenous astrocyte may trigger the differential regulation of wingless-type3 (Wnt-3) and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) mediators in spinal cord injured rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats (weighing 250-280g) were randomly divided into four groups: sham, SCI, SCI+astrocyte and SCI+astrocyte which followed by electrical stimulation. We evaluated the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), doublecortin, Wnt-3 and eIF2α proteins by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques. Results: The results show that expression of Wnt-3 and eIF2α proteins significantly enhanced after 14 days in the electrical stimulation+ SCI+astrocyte group in comparison with SCI and SCI+astrocyte groups. Also, the expression of GFAP cells was significantly increased after 14 days by electrical stimulation compared with other groups. Electrical stimulation had no effect on expression of doublecortin after 14 days. Conclusion: This survey demonstrates that sub-threshold electrical stimulation up-regulates Wnt-3 and eIF2α mediators. Also, GFAP marker expression has been increased in animals subjected to electrical stimulation. But there are no evidences based on doublecortin expression as a neurogenesis biomarker. 34 45 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/202019/08/17 1398/5/26 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/232019/10/23 1398/8/1 Meysam Ghorbani Meysam Ghorbani Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Parviz Shahabi Parviz Shahabi Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran shahabip@tbzmed.ac.ir Pouran Karimi Pouran Karimi Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran pouran.karimi@yahoo.com Mohammad Javan Mohammad Javan Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran Soheila Bani Soheila Bani Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Saba Hoseini Saba Hoseini Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hamid Soltani-Zangbar Hamid Soltani-Zangbar Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Behnaz Sadeghzadeh-Oskouei Behnaz Sadeghzadeh-Oskouei Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Spinal cord injury Electrical stimulation GFAP Doublecortin Wingless-type3. 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Frankincense improves memory retrieval and down-regulates the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA during the development of the rat brain 2 2 Introduction: Frankincense expands memory performance in different experimental models of learning. Nevertheless, the causal molecular mechanisms have not been well investigated. The expression levels of some of the synaptic proteins might probably change following the consumption of frankincense. The present study investigated the effect of maternal injection of frankincense during gestation and lactation periods on memory performance and the mRNA expression levels of syntaxin1A and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of the offspring rats. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats weighing 180-220g received two doses (50 or 100mg/kg) of the aqueous extract of frankincense by gavage during gestation and lactation periods for 45 consecutive days, except three days after labor. The control group received water. Spatial memory was assessed in the male offspring rats using the Morris water maze. Quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNAs expression levels of syntaxin1A and synaptophysin. Results: Frankincense improved spatial memory retrieval in the offspring rats. Data analysis by one-way ANOVA demonstrated that frankincense did not change the expression levels of the hippocampal syntaxin1A mRNA in the offspring rats. However, it significantly decreased the expression levels of the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA. Conclusion: The results indicate that consumption of frankincense during both gestation and lactation periods has a beneficial impact on spatial memory performance, which is accompanied by the down-regulation of the hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA. Nevertheless, this down-regulation did not change the improving effect of frankincense in memory. 46 53 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/202019/08/172019/07/17 1398/4/26 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/232019/10/232019/12/5 1398/9/14 Siamak Beheshti Siamak Beheshti Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran s.beheshti@sci.ui.ac.ir Sahar Tohidloo Sahar Tohidloo Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran Abolghasem Esmaeili Abolghasem Esmaeili Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran aesmaeili@sci.ui.ac.ir Frankincense Hippocampus Spatial memory Synaptophysin Syntaxin1A. Alder J, Xie ZP, Valtorta F, Greengard P, Poo M. Antibodies to synaptophysin interfere with transmitter secretion at neuromuscular synapses. Neuron 1992; 9: 759-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(92)90038-F. ##Beheshti S, Aghaie R. Therapeutic effect of frankincense in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Avicenna J Phytomed 2016; 6: 468-75. ##Beheshti S, Ghorbanpour Skakakomi A, Ghaedi K, Dehestani H. Frankincense upregulates the hippocampal calcium/calmodulin kinase ii-alpha during development of the rat brain and improves memory performance. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 69: 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.011. ##Beheshti S, Karimi B. Frankincense improves memory retrieval in rats treated with lipopolysaccharide. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2016; 5: 12-16. ##Beheshti S, Zeinali R, Esmaeili A. Rapid upregulation of the hippocampal connexins 36 and 45 mrna levels during memory consolidation. 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Effects of frankincense aqueous extract during gestational period on increasing power of learning and memory in adult offsprings. J Isfahan Med Sch 2004; 21: 16-20. ##Hosseini-Sharifabad M, Kamali-Ardakani R, Hosseini-Sharifabad A. Beneficial effect of boswellia serrata gum resin on spatial learning and the dendritic tree of dentate gyrus granule cells in aged rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2016; 6: 189-97. ##Kwon SE, Chapman ER. Synaptophysin regulates the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis in central neurons. Neuron 2011; 70: 847-54. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.001. ##Lang T, Jahn R. Core proteins of the secretory machinery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008: 107-27. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_5. ##Liu Y, Liang Z, Liu J, Zou W, Li X, Wang Y, et al. Downregulation of caveolin-1 contributes to the synaptic plasticity deficit in the hippocampus of aged rats. 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Prenatal stress and infants’ development: association with cortisol and leptin levels in cord blood and saliva 2 2 Introduction: Stressful events during pregnancy may affect cognitive and somatic development in infants and increase the risk of developmental disorders in future. This study aimed at assessing the correlation between prenatal stress with salivary cortisol and leptin levels with a focus on infant development. Methods: In this prospective correlative study, 80 infants whose mothers were admitted to clinics during pregnancy were evaluated. The pregnant women were included during 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and assessed using the perceived stress scale until delivery. Following delivery, growth and development of infants were evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at birth as well as 2, 4 and 6 months after birth. For assessing leptin and cortisol levels, cord blood and salivary samples were collected at birth and 6 months after birth, respectively. Results: The mean perceived stress score (PSS) during pregnancy was associated with infant development and weight at 2 and 6 months of age, respectively. Moreover, there was a negative association between leptin level at 6 months of age and infant height at 2, 4 and 6 months after birth. Finally, a negative correlation was observed between cortisol level at 6 months of age and infant height at 2 months following birth. Conclusion: The results indicated that the PSS of the mothers negatively correlated with the infants’ growth, development and cortisol and leptin levels. Thus, prenatal stress probably affects growth and development in infancy through effects on the neuroendocrine system. Leptin might be an appropriate biomarker for determination of growth and development in infancy. 54 62 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/202019/08/172019/07/172019/07/12 1398/4/21 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/232019/10/232019/12/52019/12/15 1398/9/24 Ehsan Saboory Ehsan Saboory Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Iran saboory@zums.ac.ir Soheila Rabiepoor Soheila Rabiepoor Reproductive Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran rabieipour.s@umsu.ac.ir Maryam Abedi Maryam Abedi Department of Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Prenatal stress Development Leptin Cortisol Saliva. Abedi M, Sboory E, Rabiepour S, Rasouli J. The relationship between stress in pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: A longitudinal study. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac 2017; 14: 969-981. ##Adam EK, Kumari M. Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci. 2009.01.042 ##Ebrahimi L, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Hashemi P. Effect of prenatal forced-swim stress and morphine co-administration on pentylentetrazol-induced epileptic behaviors in infant and prepubertal rats. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56: 1179-86. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21198. Epub 2014 Jan 24 ##Eden Engstrom B, Burman P, Holdstock C, Karlsson FA. Effects of growth hormone (GH) on ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin in GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5193-8. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030713 ##Edwards HE, Dortok D, Tam J, Won D, Burnham WM. Prenatal stress alters seizure thresholds and the development of kindled seizures in infant and adult rats. Horm Behav 2002; 42: 437-47. DOI: 10.1006/ hbeh.2002.1839 ##Eftekhari MH, Ranjbar-Zahedani M, Basiratnia M, Rezaianzadeh A, Faghih S. Comparison of appetite-regulating hormones and body composition in pediatric patients in predialysis stage of chronic kidney disease and healthy control group. 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Effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on memory impairment induced by postpartum depression model 2 2 Introduction: Plasma magnesium level is reduced after postpartum depression in female and this reduction can cause memory impairment. As regards the magnesium has antidepressant activity and it's deficiency leads to depression, the aim of this study was evaluating the effect of magnesium in form of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on memory retrieval in a postpartum depression model. Methods: Adult female mice (27±3g) were divided into groups of control, depressed and depressed recipient of MgO NPs (1, 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg) as an acute and chronic administrations. For induction of postpartum depression, chronic administration (5 days) of progesterone was used and three days after stopping administration, the depressive behavior was evaluated by tail suspension test. Passive avoidance memory and locomotor activity have done 24 hours after training using the step-down and open field devices, respectively. Results: Induction of postpartum depression model by the withdrawal of progesterone significantly decreased the memory retrieval. Acute administration of MgO NP significantly improved depression and memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner, while chronic administration showed less improvement in depression and memory. There was no difference between locomotor activities in all groups. Conclusion: It seems that acute administration of MgO NPs could be more suitable supplement than its chronic ones for improving depression and prevent memory impairment induced by postpartum depression. Probably the duration of nanoparticles administration can be a determining factor in their efficacy. 63 73 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/202019/08/172019/07/172019/07/122019/07/18 1398/4/27 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/232019/10/232019/12/52019/12/152019/12/15 1398/9/24 Farzaneh Zadehdarvish Farzaneh Zadehdarvish Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Mahnaz Kesmati Mahnaz Kesmati Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Iran m.kesmati@scu.ac.ir Lotfollah Khajehpour Lotfollah Khajehpour Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Mozhgan Torabi Mozhgan Torabi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Magnesium oxide Memory Nanoparticle Postpartum depression. Abdolahzadeh D, Kesmati M, Khaje Por L, Najafzadeh Varzi H. 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Prolonged hyperglycemia decreased the adverse respiratory effects of benzodiazepines in rats 2 2 Introduction: The incidence of diabetes is increasing along with its associated respiratory disorders, sleep disturbance and mental health problems. Despite the adverse effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) on the respiratory system function, they remain the most commonly used medications for the management of anxiety and sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic hyperglycemia increases the adverse respiratory effects of BZRAs. Methods: The experiments were carried out in male Wistar rats that were randomly allocated into six experimental groups. Hyperglycemia was induced by injecting 35mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). We recorded breathing of conscious animals using whole-body plethysmography at the onset of the experiment and three weeks after diabetes induction. Animals were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of midazolam (0.75mg/kg) and diazepam (1mg/kg) 15min prior to the second respiratory recording. Results: Analysis of respiratory dynamics revealed an alteration in breathing pattern in intact animals following the anxiolytic dose of benzodiazepines, which was associated with an increase in respiration rate and variability and decrease in the irregularity of the respiratory rhythm. Meanwhile, these effects were significantly decreased in hyperglycemic animals. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats exhibited decreased adverse respiratory effects of BZRAs. It seems that hyperglycemia induced an impairment in benzodiazepine receptors response to the BZRAs. 74 81 2019/03/272019/06/102019/01/122019/03/202019/08/172019/07/172019/07/122019/07/182019/09/28 1398/7/6 2019/08/242019/10/52019/10/232019/10/232019/10/232019/12/52019/12/152019/12/152019/12/15 1398/9/24 Saeed Pazhoohan Saeed Pazhoohan Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Iran s.dpazhoohan@arakmu.ac.ir Abbas Alimoradian Abbas Alimoradian Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Iran Mohammad Amini Mohammad Amini Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Iran Misagh Shafiee Misagh Shafiee Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Iran Mehdi Sadegh Mehdi Sadegh Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Iran Hyperglycemia Diabetes Benzodiazepine Respiration Breathing pattern. 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