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Pharmacological potential of ferulic acid for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its mechanism of action: Review 2 2 Recently, obesity causes vital mortality around the globe. Last decade, obesity-related diseases increased significantly worldwide. Even though, effective drugs are not available to treat metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s, obesity, and hypertension. Emergence and identifying new drug moieties to treat such metabolic diseases became imperative. Nature is a vital source of remedies and isolates new effective and nontoxic drug candidates. Ferulic acid is a significant phenolic compound that is abundant in various fruits, rice oil, and vegetables. This study highlighted the beneficial effects of ferulic acid for the treatment of metabolic syndrome or obesity. Similarly, in this study, we have highlighted the therapeutic purpose of ferulic acid in treating metabolic syndrome, its mechanism of action as well as its potential pharmacological effect using animal models. Further investigations are needed to demonstrate the significant mechanism of action in clinical trials using the human species. 345 362 2021/04/29 1400/2/9 2021/09/25 1400/7/3 Md. Reyad-ul -Ferdous Md. Reyad-ul -Ferdous Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China China rockyreyad@sdu.edu.cn Yongfeng Song Yongfeng Song Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China China songyf@sdu.edu.cn Obesity and Metabolic diseases Lipid profiling and Glucose dysregulation Cardioprotective Antioxidant Inflammation and Hepatoprotective Adam A, Crespy V, Levrat-Verny M-A, Leenhardt F, Leuillet M, Demigné C, et al. The Bioavailability of Ferulic Acid Is Governed Primarily by the Food Matrix Rather than Its Metabolism in Intestine and Liver in Rats. The Journal of Nutrition 2002; 132: 1962-1968.##Anderson J L, Morrow D A. Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 2053-2064.##Anis E, Zafeer M F, Firdaus F, Islam S N, Anees Khan A, Ali A, et al. 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Bioactive natural products against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A pharmacokinetics review 2 2 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) chronic disease in which axons are demyelinated and signal conduction is slowed or blocked. Unfortunately, current drugs that are used to treat MS have limited efficiency and considerable side effects. The use of bioactive natural products for treating neurodegenerative diseases has become of great interest due to their multimodal mechanism of action and potential safety. However, pharmacokinetic parameters such as bioavailability, absorption, metabolic pathways, and elimination routes are essential for evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of herbal medicines and herbal preparations in the clinic. In this review, we have summarized different pharmacokinetic parameters of neuroprotective natural products with anti-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) effects and recent developments in strategies to improve their bioavailability and effectiveness. 363 394 2021/04/292021/01/30 1399/11/11 2021/09/252021/08/31 1400/6/9 Leila Mohtashami Leila Mohtashami Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Abolfazl Shakeri Abolfazl Shakeri Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Behjat Javadi Behjat Javadi Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran javadib@mums.ac.ir Multiple sclerosis Demyelination Natural products Pharmacokinetics Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Ahmad I, Anwar M, Akhter S, Thakur P, Chawla R, Sharma RK, et al. 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Intraperitoneal Carbamylated erythropoietin improves memory and hippocampal apoptosis in beta-amyloid rat model of Alzheimer’s disease through stimulating autophagy and inhibiting necroptosis 2 2 Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. Although Erythropoietin (EPO) provides neuroprotective and memory-improving properties, its application has been limited due to the hematopoietic effects. Carbamylated Erythropoietin-Fc (CEPO-Fc) was developed as a non-erythropoietic EPO derivative that possesses neuroprotective potential. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the protective effects of CEPO-Fc’s in AD are still under consideration. Therefore, herein investigated the therapeutic properties of intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of CEPO-Fc on Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: The rats received microinjections of Aβ25-35 (5 μg/2.5 μl, per side) in the dorsal hippocampus for four consecutive days. CEPO-Fc was injected intraperitoneally in two doses of 500 and 5000 IU during the next six days. Learning and memory performance were studied (days 10-13) using the Morris Water Maze task. Immunoblotting was also undertaken to assess the molecular levels of leading indicators of apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3), necroptosis (Phosphorylated-Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (p-RIP3)), as well as autophagy (phosphorylated-Beclin-1 (p-Beclin-1) and phosphorylated-1A/1B-light chain 3 (p-LC3-II)) in the hippocampus. Results: Behavioral analysis indicated that CEPO-Fc 500 and 5000 IU reversed memory impairment. Moreover, the hippocampus’s molecular study showed upregulation of P-LC3-II/LC3-II and suppression of Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and P-RIP3/RIP3 processes. Conclusion: Our findings imply that the neuroprotective characteristics of CEPO-Fc in the AD rats are mediated through autophagy activation and regulation of apoptosis and necroptosis processes. These results suggest that an i.p. dose of CEPO-Fc could be used to protect against AD-induced neurotoxicity. 395 411 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/2 1400/4/11 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/7 1400/5/16 Amirhossein Maghsoudi Amirhossein Maghsoudi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran Jalal Zaringhalam Jalal Zaringhalam Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Iran jzaringhalam@sbmu.ac.ir Maryam Moosavi Maryam Moosavi Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Akram Eidi Akram Eidi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran Apoptosis Autophagy Alzheimer’s disease Necroptosis Carbamylated Erythropoietin-Fc Adembri, C., Massagrande, A., Tani, A., Miranda, M., Margheri, M., De Gaudio, R., & Pellegrini-Giampietro, D. E. (2008). 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The Impact of Crocin and Chronic Isolation Stress on Passive Avoidance Memory and Brain Electrical Activity in Male Rats 2 2 Introduction: Crocin and stress affect different aspects of brain functions. Chronic isolation stress is prevalent in today’s world. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of crocin and chronic isolation stress on learning, memory, and different brain waves in male rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups: control, sham, chronic isolation stress (CIS), two stress groups receiving different doses of crocin (CIS-Cr30 and CIS-Cr60). Both chronic isolation stress (6h/day) and crocin administration were induced for 21 days. The passive avoidance test evaluated initial and step-through latencies (IL and STL, respectively), as well as total dark compartment, and stay time. Also, different brain waves were measured by EEG recording. Results: The STL declined in the CIS and CIS-Cr30 groups while it significantly increased in only the CIS-Cr60 group. Also, the total dark compartment stay time increased in the CIS group, whereas it decreased by crocin (30 and 60 mg/kg) in the CIS group. The percentages of beta and alpha waves decreased whereas theta waves significantly increased in the CIS group. While the percentage of the beta and alpha waves increased as well as the percentage of the theta and delta waves decreased by crocin at a dose of 60 mg/kg in the CIS group. Conclusion: Cronic isolation stress was so destructive and it impaired learning, memory as well as alpha, beta, and theta waves in the brain. Only a dose of 60 mg/Kg of crocin reversed memory deficit and affected all brain waves in subjects under chronic isolation stress. Therefore, the doses of 60 and 30 mg/kg of crocin had different effects on electrophysiological and behavioral brain functions under chronic isolation conditions. 412 423 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/22 1400/3/1 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/7 1400/5/16 Fatemeh khani Fatemeh khani Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Maryam Radahmadi Maryam Radahmadi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran m_radahmadi@med.mui.ac.ir Hojjatallah Alaei Hojjatallah Alaei Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Isolation stress Crocin Memory EEG Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother Res 2000; 14: 149-152.##Aftanas L I, Reva N V, Varlamov A A, Pavlov S V, Makhnev V P. 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The effect of nanomicellar curcuminoids on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and the expressions of COX-2 and Na+/K+-ATPase in rat’s kidney 2 2 Introduction: Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) causes acute kidney injury known by impaired renal function, which has partially been connected to kidney apoptosis as well as the impairment of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Na+/K+-ATPase signaling. Curcuminoids have been proposed to have potential renoprotective effects. Thus, the present research work aimed to assess the effect of Nanomicellar Curcuminoids (NC) in a rat model of renal I/R. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to three treatment groups (n=5/ group). NC at the dose of 25 mg/kg/i.p or its vehicle was administered 60 min before renal ischemia induction. Then, the animals were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 24 h. Subsequently, blood samples were collected to assess Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine (Cr) levels. In addition, kidneys were isolated to evaluate renal histopathology, caspase-3 cleavage, and COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase pump levels. Results: The results showed that NC improved kidney function (P<0.0001) and attenuated I/R-induced histopathological injuries (P<0.0001) and caspase-3 cleavage (P<0.01). However, the downregulation of renal COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase expression induced by I/R was not restored by the renoprotective dose of NC. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that the renoprotective effect of NC in the renal I/R rat model coincided with the inhibition of histopathological injuries and apoptosis, but not with compensation for renal COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase downregulation. 424 432 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/26 1399/11/7 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/28 1400/9/7 Zeinab Karimi Zeinab Karimi Shiraz Nephro-urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Roksana Soukhaklari Roksana Soukhaklari Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Leila Malekmakan Leila Malekmakan Shiraz Nephro-urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Zahra Esmaili Zahra Esmaili Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Maryam Moosavi Maryam Moosavi Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran marmoosavi@sums.ac.ir Curcuminoids Nanoparticle Renal ischemia/reperfusion Na+/K+ -ATPase COX-2 Rat Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S. 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The methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale causes hypoglycemia and proinflammatory response in the rat pancreas 2 2 Introduction: Zingiber officinale (Ginger) is a commonly used plant for food and herbal treatment of different ailments. There is proof of ginger’s antioxidative and hypoglycemic activity, but the mechanism of action is yet to be understood, especially in a non-disease model. The present study assessed the effects of the methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (MEZO) on blood glucose, pancreatic antioxidant levels, and histopathological changes. Methods: Fifteen (15) female Wistar rats with an average weight of 147 g were randomly divided into three (3) groups (A-C). Group A was given no treatment and served as the control group. Groups B and C received only oral administration of 400 mg/kg and 800mg/kg of MEZO, respectively. MEZO was administered once a day for 21 days. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation for blood collection and retrieval of pancreatic tissue for oxidative stress and histopathological assessment. Results: The serum glucose level was significantly decreased in group C compared to the control (P=0.012). There were no significant changes in the levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), and Catalase (CAT) in all the MEZO groups compared to the control (P>0.05). Pancreatic histology showed signs of acute pancreatitis, with dense aggregates of polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells infiltrating the surrounding stroma. Conclusion: A high-dose ginger extract induces hypoglycemia, but a proinflammatory response is elicited in the pancreas at a lower dose. Thus, ginger extracts should be consumed with caution. 433 439 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/262021/04/19 1400/1/30 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/282021/09/25 1400/7/3 Izuchukwu Azuka Okafor Izuchukwu Azuka Okafor Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Nigeria. Nigeria iza.okafor@unizik.edu.ng Uchenna Somtochukwu Okafor Uchenna Somtochukwu Okafor Pan African University of Life and Earth Science Institute (Including Health and Agriculture), PAULESI, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Nigeria okaforu@babcock.edu.ng Ginger Pancreas Hypoglycemia Antioxidants Inflammation Abd El-Haleem, M. R., & Mohamed, D. A. (2011). The effects of experimental aflatoxicosis on the pancreas of adult male albino rats and the role of ginger supplementation. The Egyptian Journal of Histology.##Abdulrazaq, N. B., Cho, M. M., Win, N. N., Zaman, R., & Rahman, M. T. (2012). Beneficial effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. British Journal of Nutrition.##Al-Qudah, M. M. A., Haddad, M. A., & El-Qudah, J. M. F. (2016). The effects of aqueous ginger extract on pancreas histology and on blood glucose in normal and alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic rats. Biomedical Research (India).##Arablou, T., Aryaeian, N., Valizadeh, M., Sharifi, F., Hosseini, A., & Djalali, M. (2014). The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.##Ataman, J. E., & Ojukwu, F. (2014). Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ginger on Castor-oil - Induced Testicular Damage in Wistar Rats. 14(4), 199–205.##Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Division on Earth and Life Studies, & National Research Council. (2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (8th ed.). National Academies Press.##Guillen J. (2012). FELASA guidelines and recommendations. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 51(3), 311–321.##Habib, S. H. M., Makpol, S., Hamid, N. A. A., Das, S., Ngah, W. Z. W., & Yusof, Y. A. M. (2008). Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics.##Hosseinzadeh, A., Bahrampour Juybari, K., Fatemi, M. J., Kamarul, T., Bagheri, A., Tekiyehmaroof, N., & Sharifi, A. M. (2017). Protective Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Interleukin-1β in Cultured Chondrocytes. Cells Tissues Organs.##Imani, A. M., & Ainehchi, N. (2014). Comparison of the Effects of Methotrexate and Ginger Extract on Reproductive Parameters in Rats. 1(3), 103–109.##Jafarnejad, S., Keshavarz, S. A., Mahbubi, S., Saremi, S., Arab, A., Abbasi, S., & Djafarian, K. (2017). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on blood glucose and lipid concentrations in diabetic and hyperlipidemic subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In Journal of Functional Foods.##Jean-Marie, E. (2018). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. In Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases.##Jolad, S. D., Lantz, R. C., Solyom, A. M., Chen, G. J., Bates, R. B., & Timmermann, B. N. (2004). Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): Composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry, 65(13), 1937–1954.##Khansari, N., Shakiba, Y., & Mahmoudi, M. (2009). Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer . Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as a Major Cause of Age-Related Diseases and Cancer. June 2015.##Kilkenny, C., Browne, W., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M., Altman, D. G., & NC3Rs Reporting Guidelines Working Group (2010). Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines. British journal of pharmacology, 160(7), 1577–1579.##Lantz, R. C., Chen, G. J., Sarihan, M., Sólyom, A. M., Jolad, S. D., & Timmermann, B. N. (2007). The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine.##Mahluji, S., Attari, V. E., Mobasseri, M., Payahoo, L., Ostadrahimi, A., & Golzari, S. E. (2013). Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on plasma glucose level, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.##Mashhadi, N. S., Ghiasvand, R., Askari, G., Hariri, M., Darvishi, L., & Mofid, M. R. (2013). Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: Review of current evidence. In International Journal of Preventive Medicine.##Mbaveng, A. T., & Kuete, V. (2017). Zingiber officinale. In Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa: Therapeutic Potential Against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases.##McGuckin, E., Cade, J. E., & Hanison, J. (2020). The pancreas. In Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine.##Minaiyan, A, G., & A, K. (2006). Anti-ulcerogenic effect of ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer in rats. Daru.##Okafor, I. A., Ayalokunrin, M. B., & Orachu, L. A. (2014). A review on Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) plant Its nature and biomedical benefits. International Journal of Biomedical Research, 5(2), 75–80.##Okafor, I. A., & Gbotolorun, S. C. (2018). Resveratrol prevents cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation in the non-gravid uterus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Middle East Fertility Society Journal.##Okafor, I. A., Nnamah, U. S., Nweke, J. O., Nnaka, J. A., Ahiatrogah S., & Okeke, U. V. (2020a). Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extract has no effect on Kiss1 gene expression in the testis and blood but may cause inflammation-induced morphological sperm disruptions in Wistar rats. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences Volume 4 Issue 12: 17-25. DOI:##Okafor, I. A., Nnamah, U. S., Nweke, J. O., Nnaka, J. A., Ahiatrogah S., Okeke, U. V., & Okoro, C. C. (2020b). The Role of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Extract in the Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Ovary and Blood of Wistar Rats. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences Volume 4 Issue 11: 89-96. DOI:##Shahrajaban, M. H., Sun, W., & Cheng, Q. (2019). Pharmacological Uses and Health Benefits of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Traditional Asian and Ancient Chinese Medicine, and Modern Practice. Notulae Scientia Biologicae.##Sharma, A., Flores-Vallejo, R. del C., Cardoso-Taketa, A., & Villarreal, M. L. (2017). Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used in Mexican traditional medicine. In Journal of Ethnopharmacology.##Shukla, Y., & Singh, M. (2007). Cancer preventive properties of ginger: A brief review. In Food and Chemical Toxicology.##Tripathi, P., Gupta, G., & Chauhan, P. S. (2018). Role of Phytomedicine in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases. In New Look to Phytomedicine: Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads.##Yeh, H. yu, Chuang, C. hung, Chen, H. Chun, Wan, C. Jen, Chen, T. Liang, & Lin, L. Yun. (2014). Bioactive components analysis of two various gingers (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and antioxidant effect of ginger extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology.## ##

Ascorbic acid inhibits the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference and sensitization in male Swiss-Webster mice 2 2 Introduction: Ascorbic acid is shown to reduce the signs of opioid dependence and addiction. The present experiments investigated the possible influence of ascorbic acid in acquiring and expressing morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and sensitization in mice. Methods: Male Swiss-Webster mice (20-25 g) were used. The unbiased method and an open field procedure were conducted for place preference and sensitization studies, respectively. Animals received different doses of morphine (1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), ascorbic acid (1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg), or saline (10 ml/kg) for place preference studies. Ascorbic acid was injected into the animals 20 min before each morphine (5 mg/kg) injection (acquisition) or 20 min before the test of morphine CPP (expression). Mice received morphine (5 mg/ kg) for three consecutive days, followed by five resting days for sensitization. Animals’ hyperactivity after morphine (1 mg/kg) challenge dose confirmed the sensitization. Ascorbic acid was administered 20 min before each morphine (5 mg/kg) injection (acquisition) or 20 min before each morphine challenge dose (1 mg/kg) administration on the test day (expression). Results: Morphine induced significant place preference dose-dependently. Furthermore, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ascorbic acid failed to induce any aversion or preference effects. Ascorbic acid reduced the expression and acquisition of morphine place conditioning. Intraperitoneal injections of ascorbic acid also reduced the expression and acquisition of morphine sensitization. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid could affect the motivational effects of morphine in mice. The exact mechanism by which the vitamin reduces the morphine effect must be evaluated in future studies. 440 450 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/262021/04/192021/02/2 1399/11/14 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/282021/09/252021/09/6 1400/6/15 Mohammad Sahraei Mohammad Sahraei Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Ali Nasiri Ali Nasiri Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Leila Hossein-Mardi Leila Hossein-Mardi Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran Iran Nasrin Faraji Nasrin Faraji Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran Iran Hedayat Sahraei Hedayat Sahraei Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran h.sahraei@bmsu.ac.ir Ascorbic Acid Conditioned place preference Morphine Sensitization Abbasi I, Maleki S, Najafi G H, Eftekhari S K. 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Fullerene C60 nanoparticle attenuates pain and tumor necrosis factor-α protein expression in the hippocampus following diabetic neuropathy in rats 2 2 Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. It is associated with nerve damage due to oxidative stress and high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we examined the anti-nociceptive effects of Fullerene nanoparticle, as a potent anti-oxidant, during diabetic neuropathy. Methods: Diabetes mellitus induced through injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg). Four groups were used in the study as follows: the control, control+fullerene, diabetes, and diabetes +fullerene groups. All four groups received sesame oil. Treatment rats received fullerene C60 (1mg/kg/day) for 9 weeks by intra-gastric gavage. Then, cold allodynia, histology, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) protein expression of the hippocampus were measured 9 weeks after injection of STZ. Results: Our data revealed that STZ induces cold allodynia in both hind paws and increases the TNF- α protein expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, STZ induces neural degeneration in the hippocampus. Additionally, fullerene C60 significantly attenuated cold allodynia and TNF- α protein expression. Also, fullerene C60 has neuro-protective effects on hippocampal neurons. However, fullerene C60 did not significantly reduce serum glucose levels in diabetic animals. Conclusion: Our data suggest that fullerene C60 likely suppressed pain, and neural loss by inhibitory effects on TNF- α protein expression in the hippocampus during diabetes. 451 458 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/262021/04/192021/02/22021/02/7 1399/11/19 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/282021/09/252021/09/62021/08/31 1400/6/9 Fariba Namdar Fariba Namdar Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Farideh Bahrami Farideh Bahrami Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Zahra Bahari Zahra Bahari Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Bahram Ghanbari Bahram Ghanbari Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Iran Shima Shahyad Shima Shahyad Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran mohammadimohammadt@bmsu.ac.ir Fullerene C60 Diabetic Neuropathy TNF-α Hippocampus Askary-Ashtiani A, Ghanjal A, Motaqi M, Meftahi GH, Hatef B, Niknam H. 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Effect of prenatal consumption of Combretum dolichopetalum by pregnant rats on haematological and biochemical parameters as well as pregnancy outcome 2 2 Introduction: Combretum dolichopetalum (CD) is commonly found in the Eastern part of Nigeria where it is used to relieve menstrual pain, enhance labour, facilitate the removal of placenta and promote a rich milk supply after delivery. This study investigates the effect of prenatal consumption of Combretum dolichopetalum by pregnant albino rats on haematological, and biochemical parameters as well as pregnancy outcome. Methods: Mature inbred healthy female albino rats of normal estrus cycles that were 2-3 months of age weighting 120-180 g were used for the study. Examination of the estrus cycle, the introduction of male rats at pro-estrus, and confirmation of pregnancy were adopted using standard method. After initiation of pregnancy, fifty (50) rats were placed in five groups comprising ten rats per group. Distilled water was administered to rats in Group 1 which served as control while rats in Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of Combretum dolichopetalum methanol leaf extract (CDLE) from day 15 to 20 of pregnancy using oral gavage, respectively. Maternal weight, haematological parameters (full blood count), biochemical parameters (renal and liver indices), gestational length, and litter size were measured using standard methods. Results: The result showed a decrease in maternal weight, postpartum weight retained and gestational length, an increase in haematological parameters, and no changes in the renal and liver indices. Conclusion: This study indicates that CDLE during prenatal did not influence the pregnancy outcome but was beneficial in decreasing postpartum weight retained without any visible sign of toxicity. 459 467 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/262021/04/192021/02/22021/02/72021/02/13 1399/11/25 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/282021/09/252021/09/62021/08/312021/10/16 1400/7/24 Chinedum U. Emelike Chinedum U. Emelike Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Nigeria chinedum.emelike@funai.edu.ng Ugochukwu S. B. Anyaehie Ugochukwu S. B. Anyaehie Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria Nigeria Eghosa E. Iyare Eghosa E. Iyare Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria Nigeria Chiemeziem A. Obike Chiemeziem A. Obike Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria Nigeria Chinyere Aloke Chinyere Aloke Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi Nigeria Ofovwe O. Ekakitie Ofovwe O. Ekakitie Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Nigeria John A. O. Chukwu John A. O. Chukwu Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Nigeria Ndukwe Maduka Ndukwe Maduka Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wellspring University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Nigeria Odochi O. Chukwu Odochi O. Chukwu Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Nigeria Combretum dolichopetalum Biochemical and Haematological parameters Pregnancy outcome Ajarem JS and Ahmad M. Effects of perinatal exposure of mice to non-alcoholic malt beverage “beer” on their offspring. Saudi J. Biol. Sci.1998; 5: 78-92##Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Country part II, Second Edition Cambridge University press.2006; 299 - 320.##Chernecky CC, Krech RL and Berger BJ. Laboratory tests and diagonistic procedures. W.B Saunders Company, a division of Harcourt Brace & company, Philadelphia.2003;252-255, 638-639.##Corbette JV. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures with nursing diagnoses. 2008; 90-107.##Emelike CU, Ezimah ACU, Anyaehie USB, Iyare EE, Obike CA and Emelike FO. Haematological profile and body mass index of pregnant women in Ndiagu-Echara, Ikwo, Ebonyi State. Proceedings of the FBMS Symposium of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike.2018; 1: 40-44##Emelike CU, Anyaehie USB, IyareEE, Obike CA, Eleazu COand Chukwuma C.Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies on Combretum dolichopetalum Engl. & Diels leaves. Slovenian Veterinary Research.2002; 57 (3): 105–114##Emelike CU, Anyaehie USB, Iyare EE, Obike C.A, Aloke, C, Chukwu, DF, Eleazu CO, Chukwu CJ, Ekakitie OO, Konyefom NG and Uzomba CG. Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Methanol Leaf Extract of Combretum dolichopetalum on Body Weights and Haematological Indices of Phenylhydrazine Induced-Anaemic Rats. Toxicology International, 2021; 28 (2) 135-144## ##Ezejiofor CN, Orish CN and Orish EB. Effect of aqueous leaves extract of Costus afer on the liver and kidney of male albino wistar rats. Anc Science Life.2013; 33(1): 4 – 9.##Fogh-Anderson N, Wimberley PD and Thode J. Determination of sodium and potassium with ion-selective electrodes. Clin. Chem.1984; 30:433-436##Gibson PS, Powrie R and Star J. Herbal and alternative medicine use during pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey. Obstetrics &Gynaecology.2004; 97(4), S44-S45##Glover DD, Amonkar M, Rybeck BF and Tracy TS. Prescription, over the counter, and herbal medicine use in a rural, obstetric population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 188 (4):1039–45##Hollyer T, Boon H, Georgousis A, Smith M and Einarson A. The use of CAM by women suffering from nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2002; 2: 1-6.##Iyare EE and Obaji NN. Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Azadira chtaindica on some haematological parameters and blood glucose level in female rats. Niger J Exp Clin Biosci. 2014; 2:54-58.##Jensen WB. The Origin of Soxhlex Extractor. Journal Chemistry Education.2007; 84 (12):1913-1914 ##Kac G, Benicio MH, Velasquez-Melendez G, Valenta JG and Struchiner CJ. Gestational weight gain and prepregnancy weight influence postpartum weight retention in a cohort of Brazilian women. J. Nutr. Mar. 2004; 134(3):661-666##Kumar M, Manish KG, Anit S and Goel RJ. Healing effects of Musa sapientum var. Paradisiacal in diabetic rats with co-occuring gastric ulcer, cytokines and growth factor by PCR amplification. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2013; 13: 305.##Maats F, and Crowther C. Patterns of vitamin, mineral and herbal supplement use prior to and during pregnancy. Aust N Z J ObstetGynaecol.2002; 42: 494-496. ##Mallie JP and Boudzoumou P. 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Effect of cell-free supernatant of Bifidobacterium bifidum combined with chitosan biodegradable film on full thickness wound healing in rats 2 2 Introduction: Wound healing is one of the most critical issues human has been faced since the beginning of creation. Biodegradable polymers are of particular importance. In this study, cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Bifidobacterium bifidum combined with chitosan (CH) film was evaluated as a wound dressing. Methods: Biodegradable films (CH and CFS/CH), as a novel wound dressing, were prepared. For the evaluation of dressing efficacy, 45 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: negative control (without wound treatment), positive control (wound treatment by CH film), and probiotic (wound treatment by CFS/CH film). One full thickness wound was created on the dorsal area of the animals. The wound in positive control and probiotic groups were immediately covered by CH and CFS/CH dressing, respectively. Wound healing process was evaluated by macroscopic observation and histological analysis. During the treatment the expression of IL-1, TGF-B and IL-6 were assayed by qRT-PCR. Results: Our results showed different infiltration patterns of macrophages, fibroblasts, and neutrophils in CFS/CH treated group. Enhanced disposition of collagen and elastin caused improvement of wound healing process by the film. Based on the gene expression results, use of CFS/CH film caused improvement in wound healing kinetic. Conclusion: The biodegradable film based on chitosan and CFS of B. bifidum improves the wound healing process. 468 479 2021/04/292021/01/302021/07/22021/05/222021/01/262021/04/192021/02/22021/02/72021/02/132020/07/30 1399/5/9 2021/09/252021/08/312021/08/72021/08/72021/11/282021/09/252021/09/62021/08/312021/10/162021/06/21 1400/3/31 Atena Bazjou Atena Bazjou Department of Microbiology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran Parvaneh Jafari Parvaneh Jafari Department of Microbiology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran p-jafari@iau-arak.ac.ir Azam Marjani Azam Marjani Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran Neda Akbari Neda Akbari Department of Microbiology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran Wound healing Chitosan Cell free supernatant Biodegradable-film Cytokines Aad G, Abbott B, Abdallah J, Abdelalim A, Abdesselam A, Abdinov O, et al. 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