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The effect of erythropoietin on cardiac and neurotoxicity induced by carbon monoxidepoisoning 2 2 Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is one of the most important poisonings related to high morbidity and mortality rate. The main treatment of CO poisoning is oxygen therapy using normobaric (NBO) or hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). However, more pharmaceutical agents are needed to improve CO poisoning treatment, especially in severe cases. Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) has been examined in several studies, showing a significant reduction in cardiac and neural sequels of CO poisoning.In this article, the effect of EPO on cardio and neurotoxicity of CO poisoning were reviewed. For this purpose, EPO effect on CO poisoning was searched in papers published until 2020 using Pubmed, Scopus, and google scholar. Only English papers on three main databases have been reviewed. The review of several animal and clinical studies have been shown that EPO administration after CO poisoning could improve neurological function and reduce CO-neurotoxicity significantly. Although there is good evidence of EPO effects on CO-induced-neurological sequelae, further clinical studies are needed to establish its benefit on CO intoxication. 1 8 2020/10/26 1399/8/5 2022/01/5 1400/10/15 Seyed Adel Moallem Seyed Adel Moallem Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Mitra Asgharian Rezaee Mitra Asgharian Rezaee Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran Rezaeem@kmu.ac.ir Amirhooshang Mohammadpour Amirhooshang Mohammadpour Department of clinical pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Mohsen Imenshahidi Mohsen Imenshahidi Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Carbon monoxide poisoning Erythropoietin Cardiotoxicity Neurotoxicity Alireza Nekoui G B. Erythropoietin and Non-Hematopoietic Effects: Review Article. AM J MED SCI 2017; 353: 76-81.##Asgharian Rezaee M, Moallem S A, Imenshahidi M, Farzadnia M, Mohammadpour A H. Effects of erythropoietin on electrocardiogram changes in carbon monoxide poisoning: an experimental study in rats. Iran J Pharm Res 2012; 11: 1191-9.##Aydin A G K, Akhisaroglu M, Yorukogluc K, Gokmen N, Gonullu E. Erythropoietin exerts neuroprotective effect in neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Dev 2003; 25: 494-498.##Burger D, Xenocostas A, Feng Q P. Molecular basis of cardioprotection by erythropoietin. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2009; 2: 56-69.##Chiew A L, Buckley N A. Carbon monoxide poisoning in the 21st century. Crit. Care 2014; 18: 221.##Choi I S. Parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning. Eur Neurol 2002; 48: 30-3.##Dame C J S, Christensen RD. The biology of erythropoietin in the central nervous system and its neurotrophic and neuroprotective potential. Biol Neonate 2001; 79: 228-235.##Danold S Silerberg D w, Miriam Blum, Adian Laina, David Sheps, Gad Keren, Doron Schwartz. Erythropoiein in heart failure Semin nephrol 2005; 25: 3997-403.##Dubrey S W, Chehab O, Ghonim S. Carbon monoxide poisoning: an ancient and frequent cause of accidental death. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2015; 76: 159-62.##Eichhorn L, Thudium M, Jüttner B. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; 115: 863-870.##EJ L. carbon monoxide poisoning. In: Shannon MW BS, Burns M, editor. Haddad and Winchester's clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007: 1297-1307.##Florian Simon N F, Wiebke Ibing, Hubert Schelzig, Artis Knapsis. Neurotherapeutic potential of erythropoietin after ischemic injury of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14: 1309-1312.##François Roubille F P, Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire, Florence Leclercq, Christophe Piot, Ekaterini A. Kritikou, Eric Rhéaume, David Busseuil, Jean-Claude Tardif. What is the Role of Erythropoietin in Acute Myocardial Infarct? Bridging the Gap Between Experimental Models and Clinical Trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 27: 315-331.##Gandini C, Castoldi A F, Candura S M, Locatelli C, Butera R, Priori S, et al. Carbon monoxide cardiotoxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39: 35-44.##Ghezzi P, Brines M. Erythropoietin as an antiapoptotic, tissue-protective cytokine. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11: S37-S44.##Guzman J A. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Crit Care Clin 2012; 28: 537-48.##Hannelore Ehrenreich, Martin Hasselblatt, Christoph Dembowski, Lukas Cepek, Piotr Lewczuk, Michael Stiefel, et al. Erythropoietin Therapy for Acute Stroke Is Both Safe and Beneficial. Mol. Med 2002; 8: 495-505.##Henry C R, Satran D, Lindgren B, Adkinson C, Nicholson C I, Henry T D. Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Jama 2006; 295: 398-402.##Jelkmann W. Molecular biology of erythropoietin. Intern. Med 2004; 43: 649-659.##Joyeux-Faure M, Godin-Ribuot D, Ribuot C. Erythropoietin and myocardial protection: what's new. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005; 19: 439-46.##Kao H-W, Cho N-Y, Hsueh C-J, Chou M-C, Chung H-W, Liou M, et al. Delayed Parkinsonism after CO Intoxication: Evaluation of the Substantia Nigra with Inversion-Recovery MR Imaging. Radiology 2012; 265: 215-221.##Katavetin P, Tungsanga K, Eiam-Ong S, Nangaku M. Antioxidative effects of erythropoietin. Kidney Int 2007; 72: S10-S15.##Kaveh Abri Aghdam M S S, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani. Erythropoietin in ophthalmology: A literature review. J. Curr. Ophthalmol. 2016; 28: 5-11.##Kinoshita H, Türkan H, Vucinic S, Naqvi S, Bedair R, Rezaee R, et al. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Toxicol. Rep 2020; 7: 169-173.##Lai C-Y, Chou M-C, Lin C-L, Kao C-H. Increased risk of Parkinson disease in patients with carbon monoxide intoxication: a population-based cohort study. Medicine 2015; 94: e869-e869.##Lawrence T. The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1: 1-10.##Li Y, Hu X, Lu Z. Erythropoietin in the treatment of encephalopathy associated with carbon monoxide poisoning. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33: 735-8.##Lippi G, Rastelli G, Meschi T, Borghi L, Cervellin G. Pathophysiology, clinics, diagnosis and treatment of heart involvement in carbon monoxide poisoning. Clin Biochem 2012; 45: 1278-85.##Mastromarino V, Musumeci M B, Conti E, Tocci G, Volpe M. Erythropoietin in cardiac disease: effective or harmful? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14: 870-8.##Moallem S A, Mohamadpour A H, Abnous K, Sankian M, Sadeghnia H R, Tsatsakis A, et al. Erythropoietin in the treatment of carbon monoxide neurotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86: 56-64.##Nguyen A Q, Cherry B H, Scott G F, Ryou M G, Mallet R T. Erythropoietin: powerful protection of ischemic and post-ischemic brain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239: 1461-75.##Oh S, Choi S-C. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning and delayed neurological sequelae: a potential neuroprotection bundle therapy. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10: 36-38.##Pang L, Bian M, Zang X X, Wu Y, Xu D H, Dong N, et al. Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27: 266-71.##Pang L, Zhang N, Dong N, Wang D W, Xu D H, Zhang P, et al. Erythropoietin Protects Rat Brain Injury from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor 4/NF-kappa B-Dependent Inflammatory Responses. Inflammation 2016; 39: 561-8.##Paschos N, Lykissas M G, Beris A E. The role of erythropoietin as an inhibitor of tissue ischemia. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4: 161-8.##Peng B, Kong G, Yang C, Ming Y. Erythropoietin and its derivatives: from tissue protection to immune regulation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11: 79.##Prockop L D, Chichkova R I. Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review. J Neurol Sci 2007; 262: 122-30.##Rezaee M A, Moallem S A, Mohammadpour A H, Mahmoudi M, Sankian M, Farzadnia M, et al. Histopathological study of erythropoietin protective effect on carbon monoxide-induced cardiotoxicity in rat. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2017; 20: 1189-1193.##Rezaee M A, Mohammadpour A H, Imenshahidi M, Mahmoudi M, Sankian M, Tsarouhas K, et al. Protective effect of erythropoietin on myocardial apoptosis in rats exposed to carbon monoxide. Life Sci 2016; 148: 118-24.##Rose J J, Wang L, Xu Q, McTiernan C F, Shiva S, Tejero J, et al. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions of Therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 596-606.##S. Shahsavand S M, A. Mohhamadpour. Evaluation of erythropoietin effect on cellular neurotoxicity after carbon monoxide poisoning in rat. Res Pharm Sci 2012; 7: 5.##Santhanam A V R, d'Uscio L V, Katusic Z S. Cardiovascular effects of erythropoietin an update. Adv. Pharmacol 2010; 60: 257-285.##Sasaki R. Pleiotropic functions of erythropoietin. Intern Med 2003; 42: 142-9.##Seyed Mohammad Hosseininejad H A, Iraj Goli Khatir, Seyed Khosro Ghasempouri, Ali Jabbari, Mahmoud Khandashpour. Carbon monoxide poisoning in Iran during 1999-2016: A systematic review and metaanalysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 53: 87-96.##Shahsavand S, Mohammadpour A H, Rezaee R, Behravan E, Sakhtianchi R, Moallem S A. Effect of Erythropoietin on Serum Brain-derived Biomarkers after Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2012; 15: 752-8.##Shi Y, Rafiee P, Su J, Pritchard K A, Jr., Tweddell J S, Baker J E. Acute cardioprotective effects of erythropoietin in infant rabbits are mediated by activation of protein kinases and potassium channels. Basic Res Cardiol 2004; 99: 173-82.##Weaver L K. Clinical practice. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1217-25.##Wu P E, Juurlink D N. Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ 2014; 186: 611-611.## ##

Umbilical cord as a source of mesenchymal stem cells improves melasma in parturients: a clinicalrandomized trial 2 2 Introduction: Melasma is a common skin problem in pregnant women that appears to be related to physiological changes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to treat skin disorders because of their direct cell-to-cell contact or release of several biomolecules. The umbilical cord, which is available at birth, is a rich source of MSCs. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the umbilical cord as a natural face mask for treating women’s melasma after parturition. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on parturients suffering from melasma. Fifty pregnant women were randomly categorized into two groups of control and treated with the umbilical cord. A section of the umbilical cord (10-20 cm) was cut immediately after parturition and used as a face mask on the face of each mother in the hyperpigmentation areas for one hour. Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) was used to measure hyperpigmentation and calculated for each participant before and four weeks after intervention. Results: A significant decrease in MASI was observed in the women treated with the umbilical cord (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that a fresh umbilical cord, as a natural face mask containing MSCs, can improve the melasma in the parturients. 9 15 2020/10/262021/06/17 1400/3/27 2022/01/52022/06/8 1401/3/18 Maryam Adelipour Maryam Adelipour Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Hanan Sorkheh Hanan Sorkheh Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran Iran Zohreh Kiani Zohreh Kiani Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Houria Bahrami Houria Bahrami Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran Iran Neda Berageah Neda Berageah Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Anayat Salimi Anayat Salimi Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Mahshid Naghashpour Mahshid Naghashpour Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Iran Atefeh Zahedi Atefeh Zahedi Asadabad School of medical sciences, Asadabad, Iran Iran Sahar Golabi Sahar Golabi Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Iran s.golabi@abadanums.ac.ir Umbilical cord Mesenchymal stem cells Pregnancy Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Daga A, Bosio A, et al. Different effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on glioblastoma stem cells by direct cell interaction or via released soluble factors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11: 312.##Barankin B, Silver SG, Carruthers A. The skin in pregnancy. J Cutan Med Surg 2002; 6: 236-40.##Chen H, Niu J-W, Ning H-M, Pan X, Li X-B, Li Y, et al. Treatment of psoriasis with mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Med 2016; 129: 13-14.##Ezquer FE, Ezquer ME, Vicencio JM, Calligaris SD. Two complementary strategies to improve cell engraftment in mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: Increasing transplanted cell resistance and increasing tissue receptivity. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11: 110-9.##Geraghty LN, Pomeranz MK. Physiologic changes and dermatoses of pregnancy. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50: 771-82.##Grimes P, Ijaz S, Nashawati R, Kwak D. New oral and topical approaches for the treatment of melasma. Int J Womens Dermatol 2019; 5: 30-6.##Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, Taylor S. The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55: 1048-65.##Hughes EC, Saleh D. Telogen effluvium. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing 2017.##Lakhdar H, Zouhair K, Khadir K, Essari A, Richard A, Seité S, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of chloasma in pregnant women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 738-42.##Lee JH, Park JG, Lim SH, Kim JY, Ahn KY, KIM MY, et al. Localized intradermal microinjection of tranexamic acid for treatment of melasma in Asian patients: a preliminary clinical trial. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32: 626-31.##McKesey J, Tovar-Garza A, Pandya AG. Melasma treatment: An Evidence-Based Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019: 1-53.##Ortonne J-P, Bissett DL. Latest insights into skin hyperpigmentation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2008;13(1):10-4.##Shin T-H, Kim H-S, Choi SW, Kang K-S. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for inflammatory skin diseases: Clinical potential and mode of action. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 244.##Shojaei F, Rahmati S, Banitalebi Dehkordi M. A review on different methods to increase the efficiency of mesenchymal stem cell-based wound therapy. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 27: 661-71.##Sivakumaran N, Rathnayaka IR, Shabbir R, Wimalsinghe SS, Jayakody J, Chandrasekaran M. Umbilical cord blood banking and its therapeutic uses. Int j sci res innov technol 2018; 5: 160.##Teresa Conconi M, Di Liddo R, Tommasini M, Calore C, Paolo Parnigotto P. Phenotype and differentiation potential of stromal populations obtained from various zones of human umbilical cord: an overview. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 4.##Urasaki MBM. Skin physiological alterations perceived by pregnant women attended at public health services. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 2010; 23: 519-25.##Wagner W, Wein F, Seckinger A, Frankhauser M, Wirkner U, Krause U, et al. Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Exp Hematol 2005; 33: 1402-16.##Wang HS, Hung SC, Peng ST, Huang CC, Wei HM, Guo YJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 1330-7.##Wu Y, Huang S, Enhe J, Ma K, Yang S, Sun T, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell attenuates skin fibrosis development in mice. Int Wound J 2014; 11: 701-10.## ##

Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Obese and Non- obese Sedentary Indian Young Adults in Moderate-and Vigorous-intensity Exercise 2 2 Introduction: Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio between produced CO2 and used O2 for body metabolism. It indicates the type of fuel that is metabolized in the body. This study aimed to measure and compare the RER in non-obese and obese sedentary young adults in rest, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity exercise. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 23 non-obese and 24 obese sedentary young adults. Resting RER was measured with 12-h fasting after 15-min rest with an automated gas analyzer. Then, RER was measured during steady moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer. RER was compared between males and females, non-obese and obese in resting, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity exercise by t-test. Results: The Mean age of the non-obese and obese groups was 19.35±1.11 and 19.79±0.78 years, respectively. Males showed higher RER (in resting and moderate-intensity exercise) than females. In comparison to non-obese group, the obese group showed higher RER in resting (0.802±0.018 versus 0.821±0.022, P=0.001), moderate-intensity exercise (0.812±0.013 versus 0.83±0.02, P<0.001), and vigorous-intensity exercise (0.853±0.43 versus 0.914±0.032, P<0.001). Concerning resting value, RER significantly increased during moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise in both the non-obese and obese groups. Conclusion: Obese young adults use relatively more carbohydrates as fuel than non-obese in both resting conditions and during exercise. When the intensity of exercise increased, both obese and non-obese showed higher RER which indicates that sedentary young adults use relatively more carbohydrates as fuel in the higher grade of exercise. 16 27 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/27 1400/6/5 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/4 1400/9/13 Debasish Das Debasish Das Department of Physiology, Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital, Balasore, Odisha, India India Amit Kumar Das Amit Kumar Das Department of Medicine, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India India Shaikat Mondal Shaikat Mondal Department of Physiology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Raiganj, West Bengal, India India Himel Mondal Himel Mondal Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India India physiology@smcbangla.com Rabindranath Majumder Rabindranath Majumder Centre of Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, West Bengal, India India Adipose tissue Carbohydrates Diet Obesity Respiratory quotient Young adult. Adams R. Revised Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. Can Fam Physician 1999;45:992‐1005.##Arad AD, Basile AJ, Albu J, DiMenna FJ. No Influence of Overweight/Obesity on Exercise Lipid Oxidation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:1614.##Balcı SS. Comparison of substrate oxidation during walking and running in normal-weight and overweight/obese men. Obes Facts 2012;5:327‐38.##Beatty J, Melanson K. Examining changes in respiratory exchange ratio within an 8-week weight loss intervention. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019;32:737‐44.##Cavuoto LA, Maikala RV. Obesity and the Role of Short Duration Submaximal Work on Cardiovascular and Cerebral Hemodynamics. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153826.##Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros I, Petridou A, Jamurtas A, Avloniti A, Douroudos I, et al. Adipose tissue lipolysis is upregulated in lean and obese men during acute resistance exercise. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1397‐9.##Coggan AR, Raguso CA, Gastaldelli A, Sidossis LS, Yeckel CW. Fat metabolism during high-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained men. Metabolism 2000;49:122-8.##Geerling BJ, Alles MS, Murgatroyd PR, Goldberg GR, Harding M, Prentice AM. Fatness in relation to substrate oxidation during exercise. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994;18:453‐9.##Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2012;10:486-9.##Goedecke JH, St Clair Gibson A, Grobler L, Collins M, Noakes TD, Lambert EV. Determinants of the variability in respiratory exchange ratio at rest and during exercise in trained athletes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279:E1325-34.##Goodpaster BH, Wolfe RR, Kelley DE. Effects of obesity on substrate utilization during exercise. Obes Res 2002;10:575‐84.##Gupta RD, Ramachandran R, Venkatesan P, Anoop S, Joseph M, Thomas N. Indirect calorimetry: From bench to bedside. Indian J Endocr Metab 2017;21:594-9.##Haugen HA, Chan LN, Li F. Indirect calorimetry: a practical guide for clinicians. Nutr Clin Pract 2007;22:377‐88.##Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Blue MN, Mock MG, Trexler ET, Ondrak KS. Metabolic characterization of overweight and obese adults. Phys Sportsmed 2016;44:362‐72.##Houmard JA. Intramuscular lipid oxidation and obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008;294:R1111‐6.##Kyle UG, Gremion G, Genton L, Slosman DO, Golay A, Pichard C. Physical activity and fat-free and fat mass by bioelectrical impedance in 3853 adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:576‐84.##Leicht AS, Sinclair WH, Spinks WL. Effect of exercise mode on heart rate variability during steady state exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;102:195-204.##Magnon V, Dutheil F, Auxiette C. Sedentariness: A Need for a Definition. Front Public Health 2018;6:372.##Mahajan K, Batra A. Obesity in adult asian indians- the ideal BMI cut-off. Indian Heart J 2018;70:195.##Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM, Vikram NK, Wasir JS, Chadha D, et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India 2009;57:163‐70.##Mittendorfer B, Fields DA, Klein S. Excess body fat in men decreases plasma fatty acid availability and oxidation during endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E354‐62.##Mittendorfer B, Horowitz JF, Klein S. Effect of gender on lipid kinetics during endurance exercise of moderate intensity in untrained subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E58‐65.##Mondal H, Mishra SP. Effect of BMI, Body Fat Percentage and Fat Free Mass on Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Healthy Young Adults. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:CC17-20.##Mondal H, Mondal S, Baidya C. Competency in home body fat monitoring by portable devices based on bioelectrical impedance analysis: A pilot study. J Educ Health Promot 2019;8:223.##Mul JD, Stanford KI, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015;135:17‐37.##Pendergast DR, Leddy JJ, Venkatraman JT. A perspective on fat intake in athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:345-50.##Pérez-Martin A, Dumortier M, Raynaud E, Brun JF, Fédou C, Bringer J, et al. Balance of substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in lean and obese people. Diabetes Metab 2001;27:466‐74.##Ramos-Jiménez A, Hernández-Torres RP, Torres-Durán PV, Romero-Gonzalez J, Mascher D, Posadas-Romero C, et al. The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Associated with Fitness Indicators Both in Trained and Untrained Men: A Possible Application for People with Reduced Exercise Tolerance. Clin Med Circ Respirat Pulm Med 2008;2:1‐9.##Rimbert V, Boirie Y, Bedu M, Hocquette JF, Ritz P, Morio B. Muscle fat oxidative capacity is not impaired by age but by physical inactivity: association with insulin sensitivity. 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Clin Sci (Lond) 1998;95:59‐66.##Verma M, Rajput M, Kishore K, Kathirvel S. Asian BMI criteria are better than WHO criteria in predicting Hypertension: A cross-sectional study from rural India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:2095-2100.##Vilchis-Gil J, Galván-Portillo M, Klünder-Klünder M, Cruz M, Flores-Huerta S. Food habits, physical activities and sedentary lifestyles of eutrophic and obese school children: a case-control study. BMC Public Health 2015;15:124.##Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S; American Society for Nutrition; NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:923‐34.## ##

A comparative study of the efficacy of “Think-Pair- Share” method over tutorials in Pharmacology forundergraduates 2 2 Introduction: “Think–Pair–Share” (TPS) is an active cooperative teaching-learning method that encourages as well as allows for individual thinking, collaboration, and presentation. It offers the benefits of small group learning and the development of higher-order thinking skills. It provides immediate feedback to students on their understanding and teachers on the extent of pupil understanding. Thus it helps in modifying both teaching and learning. Hence the current study aimed at comparing the efficacy of TPS with tutorials and assessing the perception of students towards TPS. Methods: 42 students who met the eligibility criteria and consented to participate in the study were included after obtaining Institutional ethics committee clearance and written informed consent. There were 2 test groups. TPS was employed to teach Group 1 while Group 2 was taught by Tutorials simultaneously for 6 sessions. A pre-test and post-test were conducted for each session. A final Multiple choice question test was conducted at the end of the study. The perception of the participants towards TPS was also obtained. Results: Our study did not show a significant difference between the post-test, change in mean post-test over pre-test scores, and final test scores. The participants had a good perception regarding TPS and agreed that it was engaging and improved communication with the teacher. They felt that it also should be used in the future. Conclusion: Although TPS failed to exhibit an improved efficacy, it can be used in the future because it promotes active learner participation, individual thinking, and communication skills as well as provides immediate feedback. 28 33 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/13 1400/10/23 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/21 1401/2/31 Megaravalli R Manasa Megaravalli R Manasa Department of Pharmacology, Karwar Institute of medical sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karwar, Karnataka, India India manasamr.acme@gmail.com Chaitanya Karant Chaitanya Karant Department of Pharmacology, Karwar Institute of medical sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karwar, Karnataka, India India Shilpa Bhimalli Shilpa Bhimalli Department of Anatomy, KAHER Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka, India India Think-Pair-Share Pharmacology Undergraduates. Ariana S. Finding the effects of think-pair-share on student confidence and participation. Honors Projects 2013; 28.##Black P, William D. Assessment and classroom learning. Assess Educ.: Princ Policy Pract 1998; 51: 7-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969595980050102.##Bonwell CC, Eison JA. Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom. Washington, DC: School of Education and Human Development. George Washington University, 1991.##Freeman S, Eddy SL, McDonough M, Smith MK, Okoroafor N, Jordt H et al. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2014; 111(23): 8410-15. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319030111##Gok T. A comparison of students’ performance, skill and confidence with peer instruction and formal education. J Balt Sci Educ 2013; 12(6), 747-58. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/13.12.747##Giancarlo CA, Facione PA. A look across four years at the disposition toward critical thinking among undergraduate students. J Gen Educ 2007; 5(91):29-55. https://doi.org/10.1353/jge.2001.0004 ##Hamdan RKA. 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Sex influences on sensory responses followingspinothalamic tract injury in rats 2 2 Introduction: There is some evidence of significant differences in the recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) between males and females. In this study, we investigated the sensory function and involvement of astrocytes in the sex differences of central pain syndrome in the unilateral spinothalamic tract (STT) injury model in rats. Methods: Rats were divided into two groups: SCI and Sham groups received a unilateral electrolytic lesion on STT at T8-T9 and a control sham surgery respectively. After recovery from surgery, the sensory function was monitored for 28 days using tail flick and von Frey filament tests. The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) level was also measured by Western blot at the same time points. Results: Mechanical hypersensitivity was increased from days 3 to 28 post-injury in male rats (P<0.001), but no significant change was observed in females. In the tail flick model, male rats had significantly elevated thermal withdrawal latency on day3 after STT lesion, while females showed a reduction in latency (P<0.001). Sex differences in GFAP level were observed during 4 weeks of study after injury. Results in the first week showed that GFAP level decreased in females, but the marked elevation was observed from days 7 to 28 in males (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed the sex differences in sensory dysfunction and the related astrocyte reactivity after SCI. It suggests a need for more studies using both sexes to fully explore the influence of sex on the recovery of sensory impairments post-SCI. 34 41 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/17 1400/5/26 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/30 1401/3/9 Fatemeh Abbaszadeh Fatemeh Abbaszadeh Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mina Afhami Mina Afhami Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Elham Saghaei Elham Saghaei Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Kobra Naseri Kobra Naseri Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Majid Hassanpour-ezatti Majid Hassanpour-ezatti Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Iran Masoumeh Jorjani Masoumeh Jorjani Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran msjorjani@sbmu.ac.ir Sex differences Spinal cord injury Sensory hypersensitivity Astrocyte reactivity Rat. Acaz-Fonseca E, Sanchez-Gonzalez R, Azcoitia I, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM. Role of astrocytes in the neuroprotective actions of 17β-estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 389: 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.009##Arevalo M-A, Santos-Galindo M, Bellini M-J, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura L M. Actions of estrogens on glial cells: implications for neuroprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800: 1106-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.10.002##Bartley E, Fillingim R. Sex differences in pain: A brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Surv Anesthesiol 2016; 60: 175-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sa.0000484819.20819.8b##Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111: 52-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet127##Chambel SS, Tavares I, Cruz CD. Chronic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Is There a Role for Neuron-Immune Dysregulation? Front Physiol 2020; 11: 748.##Detloff MR, Fisher LC, McGaughy V, Longbrake EE, Popovich PG, Basso DM. Remote activation of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines predict the onset and severity of below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2008; 212: 337-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.009##Fillingim RB, King CD, Ribeiro-Dasilva MC, Rahim-Williams B, Riley III JL. Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings. J Pain 2009; 10: 447-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001 ##Gao Y-J, Ji R-R. Targeting astrocyte signaling for chronic pain. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7: 482-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.016##Gaudet AD, Ayala MT, Schleicher WE, Smith EJ, Bateman EM, Maier SF, et al. Exploring acute-to-chronic neuropathic pain in rats after contusion spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 295: 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.011##Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Glial cells shape pathology and repair after spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15: 554-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-018-0630-7##Gupta DS, Hubscher CH. Estradiol treatment prevents injury induced enhancement in spinal cord dynorphin expression. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 28.##Hadjimarkou MM, Vasudevan N. GPER1/GPR30 in the brain: Crosstalk with classical estrogen receptors and implications for behavior. J Steroid Biochem Mol 2018; 176: 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.012##Hains BC, Waxman SG. Activated microglia contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 4308-17. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-06.2006##Hains BC, Yucra JA, Hulsebosch CE. Reduction of pathological and behavioral deficits following spinal cord contusion injury with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 409-23. https://doi.org/10.1089/089771501750170994##Hulsebosch CE, Hains BC, Crown ED, Carlton SM. Mechanisms of chronic central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Brain Res Rev 2009; 60: 202-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.010##Ji R-R, Donnelly CR, Nedergaard M. Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20: 667-85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1 ##Kawasaki Y, Zhang L, Cheng J-K, Ji R-R. Cytokine mechanisms of central sensitization: distinct and overlapping role of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in regulating synaptic and neuronal activity in the superficial spinal cord. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 5189-94. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3338-07.2008##Kim HW, Won CH, Oh SB. Lack of correlation between spinal microgliosis and long-term development of tactile hypersensitivity in two different sciatic nerve crush injury. Mol Pain 2021; 17: 17448069211011326. https://doi.org/10.1177/17448069211011326##Kuo J, Hamid N, Bondar G, Dewing P, Clarkson J, Micevych P. Sex differences in hypothalamic astrocyte response to estradiol stimulation. Biol Sex Differ 2010; 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-6410-1-7 ##Mousavi Z, Shafaghi B, Kobarfard F, Jorjani M. Sex differences and role of gonadal hormones on glutamate level in the nucleus accumbens in morphine tolerant rats: a microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 554: 145-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.010##Nag S, Mokha S S. Testosterone is essential for α2-adrenoceptor-induced antinociception in the trigeminal region of the male rat. Neurosci Lett 2009; 467: 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.016##Naseri K, Saghaei E, Abbaszadeh F, Afhami M, Haeri A, Rahimi F, et al. Role of microglia and astrocyte in central pain syndrome following electrolytic lesion at the spinothalamic tract in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 49: 470-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-012-9840-3 ##Naseri K, Saghaei E, Abbaszadeh F, Afhami M, Haeri A, Jorjani M. 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Effect of cinnamon on antioxidant content and ZO-1 gene expression in the brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats receiving high-fatdiet 2 2 Introduction: Despite all the research, no definitive treatment for stroke has been found yet. Cinnamon is a plant that has been shown to have health benefits effects. In this study, the effect of pretreatment of cinnamon on ischemia tolerance and the expression of Zonula occludens 1(ZO-1) gene in the brains of rats receiving a high-fat diet was investigated. Methods: In this study, 72 rats were divided into six groups: control, sham, model (stroke), vehicle, lovastatin, and cinnamon. All groups except the control group received a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then the last three groups received Carboxymethyl cellulose, lovastatin, and cinnamon 130 mg accordingly for 6 weeks. Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Twelve hours later, the animals were examined for the extent of serum lipids, brain edema, anti-oxidant capacity and gene expression of ZO-1. Results: Cinnamon was effective in reducing serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Cinnamon treatment significantly diminished brain edema. It also restored anti-oxidant capacity. ZO-1 gene expression was increased in the ischemic brains after cinnamon treatment (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment with Cin130 had beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile, edema volume in ischemic brain and anti-oxidant capacity. It increased ZO-1 gene expression and so maintained cellular integrity and prevented the subsequent edema. 42 52 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/29 1400/4/8 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/28 1400/9/7 Hossein Mostafavi Hossein Mostafavi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Iran Massoud Hatami Massoud Hatami Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Iran Mohsen Alipour Mohsen Alipour Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Iran Seyyed Saeid Mousavi Seyyed Saeid Mousavi Animal Science Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Recourses Research and Education Centrer, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran * Iran Hadi Feizi Hadi Feizi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Iran hfeizik@zums.ac.ir Stroke Cinnamon MCAO Brain edema ZO-1. 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Ksouri (2018). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant influences of the spice cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicumon) in experimental rats. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 54(2).##Campbell, B. C. V., D. A. De Silva, M. R. Macleod, S. B. Coutts, L. H. Schwamm, S. M. Davis and G. A. Donnan (2019). Ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Dis Primers 5(1): 70. 10.1038/s41572-019-0118-8##Chen, Y.-F., Y.-W. Wang, W.-S. Huang, M.-M. Lee, W. G. Wood, Y.-M. Leung and H.-Y. Tsai (2016). Trans-cinnamaldehyde, an essential oil in cinnamon powder, ameliorates cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury via inhibition of neuroinflammation through attenuation of iNOS, COX-2 expression and NFκ-B signaling pathway. Neuromolecular medicine 18(3): 322-333.##Farhoudi M, Mehrvar K, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Hashemilar M, Seyedi-Vafaee M, Sadeghi-Hokmabad E, Rikhtegar R, Saber-Maroof B, Abutalebi M, Rezaei M, Vaferi S, Aghili A and E. O (2017). Stroke subtypes, risk factors and mortality rate in northwest of Iran. Iran J Neurol. 16(3): 112-117.##Frydman-Marom, A., A. Levin, D. Farfara, T. Benromano, R. Scherzer-Attali, S. Peled, R. Vassar, D. Segal, E. Gazit, D. Frenkel and M. Ovadia (2011). Orally Administrated Cinnamon Extract Reduces β-Amyloid Oligomerization and Corrects Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models. PLoS One 6(1).##G Y Yang and A L Betz (1994). Reperfusion-Induced Injury to the Blood-Brain Barrier After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats. Stroke 25(8): 1658-1664.##Ghosh T, Basu A, Adhikari D, Roy D and Pal A.K (2015). Antioxidant activity and structural features of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 3 Biotech. Dec; 5(6): 939-947.##Giustarini, D., I. Dalle-Donne, D. Tsikas and R. Rossi (2009). Oxidative stress and human diseases: Origin, link, measurement, mechanisms, and biomarkers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 46(5-6): 241-281.##Hosseini A A, Sobhani-Rad D, Ghandehari K and Benamer H (2010). 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Azadirachta indica A. Juss flower extract attenuates memory deficit induced by restraint stress in malerats 2 2 Introduction: Chronic stress is related to cognitive impairment. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (A. indica) leaf extract possesses antioxidant and cognitive enhancement effects. Therefore, this study was set up to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects of A. indica flower extract in stressed rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and stress groups. Restraint stress was induced to stress groups 3 h daily. The stressed rats were given vehicles, donepezil (a positive control meditation used to improve cognition), and A. indica at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW for 30 days. The novel object recognition test (NORT) was used to assess cognitive function, and the open field test (OFT) was utilized to assess spontaneous locomotor activity. Their brains and blood were taken to measure levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), blood cortisol levels, and the density of survival neurons. Results: The discrimination index ratio of the stressed rats treated with either donepezil or A. indica flower extract at all doses was significantly improved as measured by NORT. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the control and stress groups in the locomotor behaviors of rearing and number of crossing. The stressed rats treated with donepezil and A. indica flower extract had significantly higher BDNF levels and also survival neuron density in the brain. However, their blood cortisol levels were lower than the stressed rats given the vehicle. Conclusion: A. indica flower extract helps improve cognitive function in stressed rats by boosting BDNF and protecting against neuronal loss in the brain. 53 63 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/292021/11/11 1400/8/20 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/282022/04/11 1401/1/22 Thaneeya Hawiset Thaneeya Hawiset School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand Thailand thaneeya.haw@mfu.ac.th Napatr Sriraksa Napatr Sriraksa School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand Thailand Ratchaniporn Kongsui Ratchaniporn Kongsui School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand Thailand Utcharaporn Kamsrijai Utcharaporn Kamsrijai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand Thailand Keerati Wanchai Keerati Wanchai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand Thailand Prachak Inkaew Prachak Inkaew School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand Thailand Azadirachta indica A. 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Evidence for tissue-specific toxicity of malathion by biochemical biomarkers and histopathological indexin two weeks-treated Wistar rats 2 2 Introduction: Malathion (MAL), a kind of organophosphate pesticide (OPs), is one of the oldest phosphoric pesticides used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. However, it possesses adverse effects and organ-specific toxicity for the heart, kidney, and other vertebrate organs. The exact effects of the short-term toxicity of MAL on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines have not been sufficiently elucidated yet. Methods: We evaluated lipid peroxidation (MDA level), antioxidant activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in different tissues of MAL-treated Wistar rats, at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Results: After 14 days of exposure, CAT and SOD activities and MDA level increased in most tissues. Based on the histopathological results, the liver, kidney, and heart were the most affected, while the testes and lungs showed no damage. Also, increased TNF-α was measured as an inflammatory cytokine compared to untreated rats. IL-1β levels showed a dual response to the toxic effects of MAL, such as an increase in testis, kidney, and lung tissues and reduced in liver, heart, and blood tissues. Conclusion: The present findings reinforce the concept that MAL can cause tissue-specific damage while enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing cytokine levels. 64 71 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/292021/11/112021/11/20 1400/8/29 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/282022/04/112022/06/18 1401/3/28 Mohammad Kiani Mohammad Kiani Student Research Center Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran Hiva Alipanah Hiva Alipanah Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran H.alipanah@fums.ac.ir Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Roghayeh Nejati Roghayeh Nejati Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran Amene Nematollahi Amene Nematollahi Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran Mehran Sayadi Mehran Sayadi Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran m.sayadi@fums.ac.ir Organophosphates Cholinesterase Inhibitors Agricultural chemicals Oxidative stress Environmental exposure. 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N-acetyl cysteine in combination with forelimbs remote ischemic preconditioning improves the contrast-induced nephropathy: an in-vivoexperimental study 2 2 Introduction: Given some limitations in the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the present study investigated the beneficial effects of NAC alone or in combination with RIPC on CIN prevention. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into five groups of eight animals each. Group 1 was sham-operated controls. In group 2, an experimental model of diatrizoate-induced CIN was induced. In groups 3 and 4, NAC (150 mg/kg orally, 24 h before the CIN induction) or RIPC (3 cycles of 4 min/4 min of ischemia and reperfusion in the forelimbs 24 h before the CIN induction) was applied, and both strategies were applied in group 5. 48 hours after the intervention, serum was collected to assess creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Kidney tissue samples were also kept to evaluate the histology and measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results: Considerable increases in serum Cr (0.82±0.04 vs 0.53±0.03 mg/dl) and BUN (49.87±2.85 vs 22.93±1.11 mg/dl) levels in the CIN group showed renal functional damages compared to the sham group. The morphological changes (2 vs 0 score), increased renal MDA levels (8.11±1.27 vs 3.12±0.52 μmol/100 mg tissue), and decreased renal SOD activity (2.29±0.65 vs 27.32±0.98 U/g tissue) in the CIN group represent a remarkable renal injury and oxidative stress compared to the sham group. The individual use of NAC (serum Cr levels: 0.59±0.01 mg/dl; serum BUN levels: 27.24±1.01 mg/dl; morphological changes: 1 score; renal MDA levels: 4.35±0.58 μmol/100 mg tissue; renal SOD activity: 17.24±1.48 U/g tissue) and RIPC (serum Cr levels: 0.60±0.03 mg/dl; serum BUN levels: 28.78±1.66 mg/dl; morphological changes: 1 score; renal MDA levels: 5.34±0.53 μmol/100 mg tissue; renal SOD activity: 13.11±1.96 U/g tissue) improved all indices above. However, the combination of NAC and RIPC (serum Cr levels: 0.57±0.01 mg/dl; serum BUN levels: 25.32±1.14 mg/dl; morphological changes: 1 score; renal MDA levels: 3.56±0.52 μmol/100 mg tissue; renal SOD activity: 30.54±2.92 U/g tissue) was more effective than other strategies used alone. Conclusion: The combined use of NAC and RIPC may be more useful in preventing CIN than the individual use of possible additive effects through reducing oxidative stress. 72 79 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/292021/11/112021/11/202021/08/15 1400/5/24 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/282022/04/112022/06/182022/04/30 1401/2/10 Behjat Seifi Behjat Seifi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran b-seifi@tums.ac.ir Maryam Vaezi Maryam Vaezi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mehri Kadkhodaee Mehri Kadkhodaee Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Farzaneh Kianian Farzaneh Kianian Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Abdollah Sajedizadeh Abdollah Sajedizadeh Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mina Ranjbaran Mina Ranjbaran Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran m-ranjbaran@sina.tums.ac.ir Blood urea nitrogen Creatinine Diatrizoate Oxidative stress Renal injury. 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Efficient Modified-mRNA Transfection in Neural Stem Cells 2 2 Introduction: Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells residing in the central nervous system that is capable of self-renewal to support ongoing requirements for neurogenesis in the adult brain. Since NSCs are considered potential candidate cells for neuro-regenerative medicine, applying safe induction methods for them is very important. Synthetic modified-mRNA (mmRNA) as an alternative to traditional DNA- or protein-based methods, is regarded as a powerful tool for inducing short-term gene expression in cells with no genetic manipulation. Methods: Here, we aimed to develop an optimized condition for mmRNA transfection in primary NSCs. In vitro-transcribed EGFP mmRNA (mmRNAEGFP) was delivered to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) and mouse NSCs by using two commercial agents, Lipofectamine-2000 (LF2000) and TransIT. Also, a plasmid DNA was used to transfect cells considered EGFP-expressing positive control. In addition, the poly(A) tail (poly adenosine tail) elongation and chloroquine (CQ) treatment were performed to improve transfection efficiency. Finally, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and MTT assays were performed to assess the cells. Results: In comparison with HEK293T, NSCs were very sensitive to transfection, the efficacy of transfection using DNA/LF2000 was higher in HEK293T cells, but mmRNAEGFP/ TransIT showed better transfection efficacy in NSCs. Poly(A) tail elongation; also, treating the cells with CQ before transfection significantly improved its efficacy. Conclusion: The mmRNA poly(A) tail elongation and the use of specific transfection agents in combination with TLR inhibitors can lead to a more effective transfection in NSCs. 80 91 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/292021/11/112021/11/202021/08/152021/08/24 1400/6/2 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/282022/04/112022/06/182022/04/302021/12/4 1400/9/13 Reyhaneh Khayamabed Reyhaneh Khayamabed Department of Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran Iran Naeimeh Rezaie Naeimeh Rezaie Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran Iran Elnaz Poorgolizadeh Elnaz Poorgolizadeh Department of Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran Iran Farshad Homayouni Moghadam Farshad Homayouni Moghadam Department of Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran Iran homayouni@royan-rc.ac.ir Kianoush Dorminani Kianoush Dorminani Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran Iran Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran Iran Modified-mRNA In vitro transcription Neural stem cell Chloroquine Transfection Cell culture. 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Which pharmaceutical agent is most commonly used for suicide? An epidemiological investigation inLoghman Hakim Hospital, 2018 - 2019 2 2 Introduction: Acute accidental and deliberate poisoning by medications and pharmaceuticals is the third cause of death in suicides after hanging and self-immolation. To determine the common pattern of intentional drug poisoning in Tehran, this descriptive and retrospective study has reviewed and analyzed the data related to the records of patients admitted due to intentional drug poisoning, 2018-2019 at Loghman-Hakim-Hospital-Poison-Center (LHHPC). Methods: This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional investigation based on the medical profile of 9245 patients who were admitted to LHHPC for intentional drug poisoning from May 2018 to May 2019. The verified variables included: age, gender, type of drug used, previous history of mental health problems, presence or absence of a previous history of suicide, the outcome of hospitalization and time of emergency visit. All inquiry data were coded and statistically analyzed using SPSS Version 26 software. Results: The average age of the admitted cases was 29.3±12.4, with a minimum age of 12 years. The greatest proportion of poisoning occurred between the ages of 21-30 years. About 17.10% of patients had a previous history of self-harm and 57.77% had mental disorders. The most common pharmaceuticals for deliberate poisoning were anti-epileptics-sedative-hypnotics, antipyretics-non-opioid-analgesics, narcotics- hallucinogens and antidepressant-antipsychotic. Mortality was significantly higher in men and also following methadone and benzodiazepines. Conclusion: The high prevalence of intentional poisoning and its resulting mortality among young adults requires considerable attention and further studies to understand the underlying causes. Besides, strict rules need to be enforced regarding the sale of central nervous system drugs and opioids. 92 99 2020/10/262021/06/172021/08/272022/01/132021/08/172021/06/292021/11/112021/11/202021/08/152021/08/242021/10/9 1400/7/17 2022/01/52022/06/82021/12/42022/05/212022/05/302021/11/282022/04/112022/06/182022/04/302021/12/42022/06/20 1401/3/30 Masoumeh Haji Masoumeh Haji School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mitra Rahimi Mitra Rahimi Toxicological Research Center, Excellence Center of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Khojasteh Joharchi Khojasteh Joharchi Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran joharchi-kh@sbmu.ac.ir Intentional drug poisoning Medicines Pharmaceuticals Suicide. Ahmadi A, Pakravan N, Ghazizadeh Z. 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