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An overview of animal models induced by glucocorticoids 2 2 Glucocorticoids are widely employed for treating various disorders, but their administration is associated with multiple adverse effects. To study and understand these side effects, preclinical animal models have been developed. Experimental models that replicate essential aspects of human diseases offer valuable tools for assessing potential therapeutic agents and elucidating molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. In this review, we provide an overview of various animal models in which glucocorticoids have been utilized to induce humanlike disorders across different body systems. These disorders encompass hypertension, skin atrophy, hair loss, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, gastric mucosal damage, growth retardation, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, depression-like behavior, glaucoma, and cataracts. 211 233 2022/07/31 1401/5/9 2022/12/3 1401/9/12 Azadeh Mesripour Azadeh Mesripour Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran a_mesripour@pharm.mui.ac.ir Mansooreh Asghari-Varzaneh Mansooreh Asghari-Varzaneh Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran mnfa2asghari@gmail.com Leila Safaeian Leila Safaeian Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran leila_safaeian@pharm.mui.ac.ir Animal Experimentation Glucocorticoid Mice Model Rat Agarwal S, Mirzoeva S, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Budunova I. 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Smart hospitals worldwide: a systematic review 2 2 The term “Smart hospital” is a highly comprehensive concept and it has not received the attention it deserves among researchers, as it is more than using a smart tool in a hospital. This study was designed to conduct a review of smart hospitals. In this systematic review, 808 studies were identified using keywords through searches on PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Scopus and IEEE databases. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria (705 based on abstracts and titles and 35 after reading full texts) and removing duplicates (43), 25 studies were included in this review. Geographically, of the majority of the articles were from Asia (60%). The highest number of publications was observed in 2012 and 2020. A multidisciplinary team was involved in 72% of the research, and 68% were conducted in more than one research center. Most articles have been published in Q1 quality journals (48%), and high-income countries accounted for the largest percentage (56). Notably, 32% of these studies focused on patient care. RFID technology was the most used technology, featured in 66.67% of the studies, which primarily centered on the implementation of smart hospitals. It should be noted that development or implementation of a smart device in a hospital should not be equated with the implementation of a smart hospital and it is far beyond that. 234 243 2022/07/312022/08/22 1401/5/31 2022/12/32022/11/27 1401/9/6 Marjan Rasoulian Kasrineh Marjan Rasoulian Kasrineh Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran rasouliankm2@mums.ac.ir Nahid Sharifzadeh Nahid Sharifzadeh Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran sharifzadehn9@mums.ac.ir Moslem taheri soodejani Moslem taheri soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran TabatabaeiMH@mums.ac.ir Smart Hospital Digital Hospital Smart Device Smart Health Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005; 8: 19-32.##Berwick DM, Nolan TW, Whittington J. The triple aim: care, health, and cost. Health affairs 2008; 27: 759-769.##Bucci S, Schwannauer M, Berry N. The digital revolution and its impact on mental health care. Psychol Psychother 2019; 92: 277-297.##Bygstad B, Øvrelid E. Architectural alignment of process innovation and digital infrastructure in a high-tech hospital. Eur J Inf Syst 2020; 29: 220-237.##De Almeida LFF, Pereira LAM, Sodré AC, Mendes LL, Rodrigues JJ, Rabelo RA, et al. Control networks and smart grid teleprotection: Key aspects, technologies, protocols, and case-studies. IEEE Access 2020; 8: 174049-174079.##Fischer GS, da Rosa Righi R, de Oliveira Ramos G, da Costa CA, Rodrigues JJ. ElHealth: Using Internet of Things and data prediction for elastic management of human resources in smart hospitals. Eng Appl Artif Intell 2020; 87: 103285.##Garg N. Technology in healthcare: vision of smart hospitals. Handbook of Research on Engineering, Business, and Healthcare Applications of Data Science and Analytics: IGI Global, 2021: 346-362.##Ghebreyesus TA. Urgent health challenges for the next decade. World Health Organization 2020; 13.##He T, Li S. A comparative study of digital informal learning: The effects of digital competence and technology expectancy. Br J Educ Technol 2019; 50: 1744-1758.##Hoehe MR, Thibaut F. Going digital: how technology use may influence human brains and behavior. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2022; 22(2): 93–97.##Holzinger A, Röcker C, Ziefle M. From smart health to smart hospitals. Smart Health: Open Problems and Future Challenges 2015: 1-20.##Howarth A, Quesada J, Silva J, Judycki S, Mills PR. The impact of digital health interventions on health-related outcomes in the workplace: a systematic review. Digital health 2018; 4: 2055207618770861.##Ilin I, Iliyaschenko O, Konradi A. Business model for smart hospital health organization. SHS Web of Conferences 2018; 44: 00041.##Ilyashenko O, Ilin I, Kurapeev D. Smart Hospital concept and its implementation capabilities based on the incentive extension. SHS Web of Conferences 2018; 44: 00040.##Kharbanda V, Bohlin N, Sehlstedt U, Treutiger J. Building the Smart Hospital Agenda. 2017.##Krick T, Huter K, Domhoff D, Schmidt A, Rothgang H, Wolf-Ostermann K. Digital technology and nursing care: a scoping review on acceptance, effectiveness and efficiency studies of informal and formal care technologies. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19: 1-15.##Liu B, He K, Zhi G. The impact of big data and artificial intelligence on the future medical model. Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences (PeerJ) 2018; 39: 1-4.##Manyisa ZM, van Aswegen EJ. Factors affecting working conditions in public hospitals: A literature review. Int J Afr Nurs Sci 2017; 6: 28-38.##Mathews SC, McShea MJ, Hanley CL, Ravitz A, Labrique A B, Cohen A B. 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The effect of photoperiodic stress on anxiety-like behaviors, learning, memory, locomotor activity and memory consolidation in rats 2 2 Introduction: Light-dark cycles regulate the body’s physiological activity; hence, marked changes in these cycles could lead to conditions with impaired brain functions and disrupted moods (e.g., stress). Therefore, this study compared the impact of stress due to various photoperiodic durations on anxiety-like behavior, learning, memory, locomotor activity and memory consolidation in rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups with different light(L)-dark(D) cycles: L20/D4, L16/D8, L12/D12 (control), L8/D16 and L4/D20 groups. After14 days, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests were performed to assess the anxiety-like behaviors and brain functions. Results: The percentage of spent time, number of entries to the open arm of the EPM test and the entrance latency to the dark room of the PA test decreased significantly in the L20/D4 and L4/D20 groups; however, the reduction of latency to enter the dark room was particularly significant in the L20/D4 group. In addition, there were significant differences between the initial latency and latency after one day (as learning) in all experimental groups. The total dark stay time increased significantly in different photoperiods. Conclusion: An abnormal light-dark length could disrupt certain brain functions, such as learning, memory, locomotor activity, memory consolidation and anxiety-like behavioral responses at different levels in a time-independent manner. The light-dark length (both minimum and especially the maximum day length) led to increased learning impairment and memory deficits, as well as worsened anxiety-like behaviors. 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Sex differences in the elevated plus-maze test and large open field test in adult Wistar rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2021; 204: 173168.##Landgraf D, McCarthy M J, Welsh D K. Circadian Clock and Stress Interactions in the Molecular Biology of Psychiatric Disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports 2014; 16: 483.##Leach G, Adidharm W, Yan L. Depression-Like Responses Induced by Daytime Light Deficiency in the Diurnal Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). PLoS ONE 2013; 8.##Lee B, Sur B, Oh S. Neuroprotective effect of Korean red ginseng against single prolonged stress-induced memory impairments and inflammation in the rat brain associated with BDNF expression. Journal of Ginseng Research 2022; 46: 435-443.##Lee Y, Wisor J P. Multi-Modal Regulation of Circadian Physiology by Interactive Features of Biological Clocks. Biology 2021; 11: 21.##Logan R W, McClung C A. Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan. 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The effect of tempol, a potent synthetic antioxidant, on the limb teratogenicity in an experimental model of preeclampsia in rats 2 2 Introduction: Preeclampsia is the principal cause of maternal morbidity and is characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. It is believed that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of tempol on fetal limb hemorrhage, malformations, and oxidative stress in an N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced preeclamptic rat model. Methods: To induce preeclampsia, L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day, oral) was administered from day 11 of pregnancy to day 22. Four preeclamptic groups received L-NAME alone, L-NAME+tempol (20, 60, 180 mg/kg/day; L-NAME, L-T20, L-T60, L-T180 groups, respectively). The control group (normal pregnant) received only tap water, and the T60 group received tempol (60 mg/Kg) alone (without L-NAME). The concentration of 8-isoprostane in plasma and placenta, number and weight of the fetuses, and the limb defects were measured on the 22nd day of the pregnancy. Results: L-NAME administration caused placental oxidative stress, limb defects and hemorrhage, and low fetal weight. Administration of tempol at 20 and 60 mg/kg/day reduced limb defects (10.5 and 7.2 percent versus 24.7 percent) and limb hemorrhage (14.5 and 9.5 percent versus 23 percent) induced by L-NAME. After administration of tempol (20 and 60 mg/kg), fetal weight increased (5.14±0.08 and 5.44±0.15 versus 4.27± 0.11 g). Administration of tempol at the high dose (180 mg/kg/day) did not produce any significant effects on the measured parameters. Conclusion: Tempol with certain doses improves fetal outcomes in an experimental rat model of preeclampsia. These may be the results of its antioxidant action. 254 260 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/13 1400/6/22 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/27 1401/6/5 Mohammadreza Namavar Mohammadreza Namavar Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center & Department of anatomical Sciences, Shiraz Iran namavarm@sums.ac.ir mohammad sharif talebianpoor mohammad sharif talebianpoor Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences, Yasouj, Iran Iran Taleb_84@yahoo.com Somayeh Nazari Somayeh Nazari Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran s.nazarii85@gmail.com Hossein Mirkhani Hossein Mirkhani Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran mirkhanh@sums.ac.ir Limb malformation L-NAME Oxidative stress Preeclampsia Tempol Altoama K, Mallem MY, Thorin C, Betti E, Desfontis JC. Effect of nebivolol treatment during pregnancy on the intrauterine fetal growth, mortality and pup postnatal development in the l-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791: 465-72.##Amaral TA, Ognibene DT, Carvalho LC, Rocha APM, Costa CA, Moura RS, Resende AC. Differential responses of mesenteric arterial bed to vasoactive substances in L-NAME-induced preeclampsia: Role of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 40: 126-35.##Ardanaz NBW, Pagano PJ. Distinct hydrogen peroxide-induced constriction in multiple mouse arteries: potential influence of vascular polarization. Pharmacol Rep 2008; 60: 61-7.##Beckman JS KW. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol; 1996: 271, C1424-37.##Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248-54.##Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. Placental oxidative stress: from miscarriage to preeclampsia. JSGI 2004;11: 342-52.##Cushen SC, Goulopoulou S. New models of pregnancy-associated hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30: 1053-62.##Fantel A, Stamps L, Tran T, Mackler B, Person R, Nekahi N. Role of free radicals in the limb teratogenicity of L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester): a new mechanistic model of vascular disruption. Teratology 1999; 60: 151-60.##Fantel AGPR. Further evidence for the role of free radicals in the limb teratogenicity of L-NAME. Teratology 2002; 66: 24-32.##García-Redondo ABBA, Beltrán AE, Alonso MJ, Simonsen U, Salaices M. Hypertension increases contractile responses to hydrogen peroxide in resistance arteries through increased thromboxane A2, Ca2+, and superoxide anion levels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328: 19-27.##Gregg AR, Schauer A, Shi O, Liu Z, Lee CG, O’Brien WE. Limb reduction defects in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1998; 275: H2319-24.##Gupta S, Agarwal A, Sharma RK. The role of placental oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005; 60: 807-16.##Helmbrecht GD, Farhat MY, Lochbaum L, Brown HE, Yadgarova KT, Eglinton GS, Ramwell PW. L-arginine reverses the adverse pregnancy changes induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the rat. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 800-5.##Makris SL, Solomon HM, Clark R, Shiota K, Barbellion S, Buschmann J, Hazelden KP. Terminology of developmental abnormalities in common laboratory mammals (version 2). Congenit Anom 2009; 49: 123-246.##Noris MPN, Remuzzi G. Mechanisms of disease: Pre-eclampsia. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2005: 1: 98-114.##Ornaghi S, Hsieh LS, Bordey A, Vergani P, Paidas MJ, van den Pol AN. Valnoctamide inhibits cytomegalovirus infection in developing brain and attenuates neurobehavioral dysfunctions and brain abnormalities J Neurosci 2017; 37: 6877-93.##Podjarny EBC, Losonczy G. Animal models of preeclampsia. Semin Perinatol 1999; 23: 2-13.##Podjarny E, Benchetrit S, Katz B, Green J, Bernheim J. Effect of methyldopa on renal function in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension in pregnancy. Nephron 2001;88: 354-59.##Preti SC, Da Cunha V, Vassallo DV, Stefanon I. The superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide and does not alter l-name-induced hypertension in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97: 29-34.##Rafikova OSE, Tofovic SP. Renal and metabolic effects of tempol in obese ZSF1 rats--distinct role for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in diabetic renal injury. Metabolism 2008; 57: 1434-44.##Ramos JGL, Sass N, Costa, SHM. Preeclampsia. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2017; 39: 496-512.##Roggensack AM, Zhang Y, Davidge ST. Evidence for peroxynitrite formation in the vasculature of women with preeclampsia. Hypertension 1999; 33: 83-89.##Ryu SKR, Samuni A, Ornoy A. Nitroxide radicals protect cultured rat embryos and yolk sacs from diabetic-induced damage. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2007; 79: 604-11.##Sedeek M, Gilbert JS, LaMarca BB, Sholook M, Chandler DL, Wang Y, Granger JP. Role of reactive oxygen species in hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 1152-56.##Talebianpoor MS, Mirkhani H.. The effect of tempol administration on the aortic contractile responses in rat preeclampsia model. ISRN pharmacol 2012; 2012.##Talebianpoor MS, Owji SM, Goharinia M, Mirkhani H. Effect of tempol, a synthetic antioxidant, on renal complications of L-NAME induced preeclampsia in rat. Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 21: 241-50.##Talebianpoor MS, Delaviz H, Rafei R, Mohannadi B, Sadeghi H, Mohammadi J, Rad P. Resveratrol attenuates fetal limb malformation and cardiac hypertrophy after preeclampsia induced by L-NAME in pregnant rats. J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 10: 361-4.##Tanir HM ST, Inal M Akyuz F, Uzuner K, Sivri E. Effect of quercetine and glutathione on the level of superoxide dismutase, catalase, malonyldialdehyde, blood pressure and neonatal outcome in a rat model of pre-eclampsia induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 118: 190-5.##Tenório MB, Ferreira RC, Moura FA, Bueno NB, de Oliveira ACM, Goulart MOF. Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Preeclampsia. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019; 8238727.##Tiboni GM GF, Di Giulio C. The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) causes limb defects in mouse fetuses: protective effect of acute hyperoxia. Pediatr Res 2003; 54: 69-76.## ##

Toxicity assessment of a polyherbal drug on haematological parameters, brain and spleen histoarchitecture in exposed Wistar rats 2 2 Introduction: We investigated the subchronic toxicity concerns of a polyherbal formulation (PHF; Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser®) on haematological indices, brain and spleen histomorphology in exposed Wistar rats of both sexes. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats randomly allotted to six groups (5/group) were experimentally exposed to PHF via the oral route for 60 days as follows: control groups (1 and 4; given 5ml/kg distilled water); groups 2, 5 (476.24mg/kg) and 3, 6 (158.75mg/kg) body weight PHF, respectively. On 62nd day, animals were euthanized using carbon dioxide and sacrificed; spleen and brain tissues were evis-cerated, weighed and fixed in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological assessment. Results: Our results showed significant increase in platelet in all experimental rats relative to control. Low dosed (158.75mg/kg) male rats recorded a significant increase in WBC relative to control. Also increased were MCV and MCH in male rats. High dosed female rats had increased RBC and MCV. Neutrophils and lymphocyte differentials were respectively decreased and increased in experimental groups relative to control. Histopathology of the spleen and brain tissues revealed degrees of pathologies like abnormal cytostructure of lymphoid follicle, degenerated T-lymphocytes, numerous organic deposits, degenerating neural cells, proliferating astrocytes, widely scattered blood vessel amongst others. Conclusion: Our findings revealed exposure-associated toxic effects of the quasi-drug formulation on blood parameters and histostructure of the spleen and brain. Findings suggest utmost caution on long-term use of the polyherbal formulation and avoidance whenever possible. 261 270 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/7 1401/1/18 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/18 1401/6/27 Godswill J. Udom Godswill J. Udom Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria Nigeria godswill.udom@fuoye.edu.ng Uduak P. Ise Uduak P. Ise Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria Nigeria Ayodeji Aturamu Ayodeji Aturamu Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Nigeria Moses A. Omoirri Moses A. Omoirri Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria Nigeria Mba Ogbonnaya Mba Ogbonnaya Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Akwa, Nigeria Nigeria Israel K. Umana Israel K. Umana Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria Nigeria Jude E. Okokon Jude E. Okokon Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria Nigeria Drug compounding Herbal medicine Toxicology Gliosis Haematology Abebe W. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 27(6): 391-401.##Aregheore EM. Nutritive value and inherent anti-nutritive factors in four indigenous edible leafy vegetables in human nutrition in Nigeria: a review. J Food Resource Sci 2012; 1: 1-14.##Ejoh RA, Tanya AN, Djuikwo NA, Mbofung CM. Effect of processing and preservation methods on vitamin C and total carotenoid level of some Vernonia (bitter leaf) species. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 2005; 5: 105-117.##Ekor M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol, 4, 177.##Elston GN. Cortex, cognition and the cell: new insights into the pyramidal neuron and prefrontal function. Cerebral cortex 2003; 13(11): 1124-1138.##Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C. Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extracts (Citrus aurantium). Phytomedicine 2005; 12(3): 247-248.##Gordon GRJ, Mulligan SJ, Madvicar BA. Astrocyte control of the cerebrovasculature. Glia 2007; 55(12): 1214-1221.##Guizzetti M, Kavanagh TJ, Costa LG. Measurements of astrocyte proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 758: 349-359.##Hoffbrand AV. Megaloblastic anaemia, In: Hoffband AV, Lewis SM, Tuddenham EGD, editors. Postgraduate haematology. 4th ed. 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Cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum on isoproterenol–induced heart failure 2 2 Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a medicinal mushroom, exerts protective effects on cardiovascular diseases but, it’s effect in isoproterenol-induced heart failure has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was whether G. lucidum has protective effects in isoproterenol-induced heart failure. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (n=6) of control, heart failure (HF) and G. lucidum (50, 100 and 200mg/kg). For induction of HF in rats, isoproterenol (5mg/ kg) was injected subcutaneously for two weeks. In G. lucidum treated groups, G. lucidum was orally gavaged for three weeks and on day 8 isoproterenol was injected for two weeks. Then, Electrocardiogram pattern and cardiodynamic parameters, as well as myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde level, cardiac remodeling and apoptosis were studied. Results: G. lucidum improved hemodynamic factors such as mean arterial blood pressure as well as electrocardiogram pattern. Pre-treatment with G. lucidum also decreased myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde level and apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Histopathologic results showed a decrease in cardiac necrosis and fibrosis. However, it had no significant effect on cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: Our results show that pre-treatment with G. lucidum demonstrates protective effects against HF, and thereby suggest that G. lucidum can be considered as a possible clinical use for preventive and adjuvant treatment in heart failure. 271 282 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/30 1401/4/9 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/24 1401/8/2 Monireh Seiiedy Monireh Seiiedy Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran monirseiiedy72@gmail.com Chiman Salehi Chiman Salehi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran salehichiman@gmail.com Morteza Ghasemnejad Berengi Morteza Ghasemnejad Berengi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran morteza.ghasemnejad@yahoo.com mojtaba karimipour mojtaba karimipour Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran mojtaba_karimipour@yahoo.com Jafar Rezaie Jafar Rezaie Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran j.rezaie88@gmail.com Shabnam Babataheri Shabnam Babataheri 1Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran shabnambabataheri90@gmail.com Hamid Soraya Hamid Soraya Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran hamid_soraya2000@yahoo.com Ganoderma lucidum Heart failure Isoproterenol Inflammation Oxidative stress Apoptosis Abbaszadeh S, Javidmehr A, Askari B, Janssen PML, Soraya H. Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, attenuates cardiac remodeling, lipid peroxidation and neutrophil recruitment in heart failure: A cardioprotective agent?. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1237-1243.##Akihisa T, Nakamura Y, Tagata M, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K, Uchiyama E, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:224-231.##Anzai T. Post-infarction inflammation and left ventricular remodeling: a double-edged sword. Circ J 2013; 77:580-587.##Benjamin IJ, Jalil JE, Tan LB, Cho K, Weber KT, Clark WA. Isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis in relation to myocyte necrosis. Circ Res 1989; 65:657-670.##Bishop KS, Kao CH, Xu Y, Glucina MP, Paterson RRM, Ferguson LR. From 2000 years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry 2015; 114:56-65.##Chen HS, Tsai YF, Lin S, Lin CC, Khoo KH, Lin CH, et al. Studies on the immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities of Ganodermalucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5595-5601.##Chen J, Shi Y, He L, Hao H, Wang B, Zheng Y, et al. Protective roles of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:278-281.##Costa S, Reina-Couto M, Albino-Teixeira A, Sousa . Statins and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. Rev Port Cardiol 2016; 35:41-57.##Giordano FJ. Oxygen, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and heart failure. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:500-508.##Hsu MJ, Lee SS, Lin WW. Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits spontaneous and Fas-mediated apoptosis in human neutrophils through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 72:207-216.##Ikeguchi M, Hirooka Y, Kaibara N. Quantitative analysis of apoptosis-related gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:1938-1945.##Jannesar K, Abbaszadeh S, Malekinejad H, Soraya H. Cardioprotective effects of memantine in myocardial ischemia: Ex vivo and in vivo studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173277.##Jefferson BK, Topol EJ. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial infarction. Curr Probl Cardiol 2005; 30:333-374.##Johnson FL. Pathophysiology and etiology of heart failure. Cardiol Clin 2014; 32:9-19.##Kabir Y, Kimura S, Tamura T. Dietary effect of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom on blood pressure and lipid levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1988; 34:433-438.##Karagöz A, Kesici S, Vural A, Usta M, Tezcan B, Semerci T, et al. Cardioprotective effects of Viscum album L. ssp. album (Loranthaceae) on isoproterenol-induced heart failure via regulation of the nitric oxide pathway in rats. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 16:923-930.##Kim NH, Kang PM. Apoptosis in cardiovascular diseases: mechanism and clinical implications. Korean Circ J 2010; 40:299-305.##Konstam MA, Kramer DG, Patel AR, Maron MS, Udelson JE. Left ventricular remodeling in heart failure: current concepts in clinical significance and assessment. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4: 98-108.##Lasukova TV, Arbuzov AG, Maslov LN, Burkova VN. Ganoderma lucidum extract in cardiac diastolic dysfunction and irreversible cardiomyocytic damage in ischemia and reperfusion of the isolated heart. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2008; (1):22-25.##Lasukova TV, Maslov LN, Arbuzov AG, Burkova VN, Inisheva LI. Cardioprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidum extract during total ischemia and reperfusion of isolated heart. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:739-741.##Li F, Zhang Y, Zhong Z. Antihyperglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6135-6145.##Li WJ, Li L, Zhen WY, Wang LF, Pan M, Lv JQ, et al. 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The effect of broad-spectrum antibiotic ceftriaxone on net colonic water and ion transport in vivo 2 2 Introduction: The molecular mechanism of idiopathic antibiotic-associated diarrhea is not clear. Сeftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and diarrhea is the main side-effect of ceftriaxone treatment. The present study tested the hypothesis that ceftriaxone-induced diarrhea is associated with a shift in microbiota composition followed by the alteration in colonic water/ion transport, the expression pattern of transporters and epithelial barrier function. Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated daily with ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg, i.m.) for 5 or 14 days. Epithelial net water and ion transport (Na+ , K+ , Cl- ) were evaluated on the 6th or 15th day respectively by isolated colonic loop perfusion technique in vivo. Gene expression by RT-PCR, glycoproteins levels by PAS-staining, and microbiota by culture method on the elective medium were evaluated. Results: Decreases in Na+ and water absorption, surface mucus layer, and Scnn1b and Aqp8 gene expression were associated with more severe diarrhea after 5 days-antibiotic treatment. After 14-days of antibiotic treatment, fewer animals with diarrhea were observed. At the same time, there was a decrease of Cl- and an increase in Na+ absorption, along with increased mucus secretion and upregulation of Cftr, Scnn1b, Slc9a3, Muc2, Ocln, and Tjp1 gene expression. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of culturable conditionally pathogenic microbiota after 5 days of treatment which almost returned to the control value after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that the observed transitory antibiotic-associated diarrhea was a well-orchestrated physiological defense response at the molecular level driven by the shift in normal microbiota composition. 283 295 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/24 1400/6/2 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/3 1401/9/12 Taisa Dovbynchuk Taisa Dovbynchuk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine mtaisa80@gmail.com Tetiana Chervinska Tetiana Chervinska Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine chervinska.tetiana@gmail.com Liudmyla Zakordonets Liudmyla Zakordonets International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine lzakordonets2@gmail.com Alevtina Huet Alevtina Huet Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine alevtina.dranitsina@gmail.com Tetiana Serhiichuk Tetiana Serhiichuk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine stm1972@bigmir.net Liudmyla Ostapchenko Liudmyla Ostapchenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine l_ostap@univ.kiev.ua Ganna Tolstanova Ganna Tolstanova Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Ukraine ganna.tolstanova@knu.ua Antibiotic-associated diarrhea Ceftriaxone Colon Ion transport Epithelial barrier Akiba Y, Guth PH, Engel E, Nastaskin I, Kaunitz JD. 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Neuroprotective effects of Tacca chantrieri Andre against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation 2 2 Introduction: Tacca chantrieri Andre is frequently used by traditional healers to alleviate pain and fever, primirily by reducing inflammation. Its rhizome extract possesses remarkable peripheral anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. However, there is limited information available regarding its potential anti-neuroinflammation effects. This study aimes to assess the neuroprotective effects of T. chantrieri rhizome ethanol extract (TCE) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Methods: Rats were orally administered with TCE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg continually for 9 days. On the 7th day of treatment, each rat received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.83 mg/kg). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Y-maze test and novel object recognition (NOR) test. Thereafter, the proinflammatory cytokine level in the hippocampus was measured by ELISA. Results: Systemic LPS administration induced sickness behavior, cognitive impairment, and neuroinflammation. TCE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg reversed the LPS-induced behavioral deficits, showing improvements in spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and discrimination index in the NOR test. Additionally, pretreatment with TCE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly attenuated the LPS-induced increase in protein expression of TNF-α. Conclusion: TCE exhibited neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced cognitive deficits and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that TCE may hold therapeutic potential in preventing neuroinflammation associated cognitive impairment. However, further studies are necessary to validate the possible mechanisms of its neuroprotective effects. 296 306 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/1 1401/3/11 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/31 1401/10/10 Utcharaporn Kamsrijai Utcharaporn Kamsrijai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thailand utcharaporn.kam@mfu.ac.th Benjamard Thaweethee-Sukjai Benjamard Thaweethee-Sukjai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thailand Benjamard.suk@mfu.ac.th Narudol Teerapattarakan Narudol Teerapattarakan School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thailand Narudol.tee@mfu.ac.th Keerati Wanchai Keerati Wanchai School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thailand Keerati.wan@mfu.ac.th Poonyawee Jirarattanawan Poonyawee Jirarattanawan School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thailand Poonyawee.jir@mfu.ac.th Tacca chantrieri Andre Neuroinflammation Lipopolysaccharides Cognitive deficits Baj T, Seth R. 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Synthesis and evaluation of Escitalopram-loaded niosomes on colon cancer cell lines 2 2 Introduction: It has been approved that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may exhibit anti-proliferative or cytotoxic effects on several types of cancers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of a newly formulated niosome of Escitalopram oxalate on a colorectal cancer cell line. Methods: The niosomes were prepared using a thin layer hydration method, resulting in particles with a size range between 150 – 450 nm and spherical morphology. Moreover, its permeability release showed 25% in 4 hours. The cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using a quantitative colorimetric MTT assay. Results: The cell viability of colon cancer cells after treatment with niosomes and pure escitalopram reduced to 28.3 ± 0.83 % and 24.07 ± 0.56%, respectively. However, the cytotoxicity assay of escitalopram-loaded niosomes suggested that the anti-proliferative effect of the niosomal formulation of escitalopram was dose and incubation time-dependent. Conclusion: These results confirm the potential of the anti-proliferative activity of escitalopram-loaded niosomes. Further application to an in vivo model is needed to study various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters to establish its complete therapeutic potential. 307 318 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/12022/05/2 1401/2/12 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/312022/12/17 1401/9/26 Faten Eshrati Yeganeh Faten Eshrati Yeganeh Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran ffyeganeh@gmail.com Maryam Tabarzad Maryam Tabarzad Shahid beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran tabarzad.m@gmail.com Hajar Khazraei Hajar Khazraei Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: Shiraz, Fars, Iran Iran hajarkhazraei@gmail.com Mahsa Bourbour Mahsa Bourbour Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Iran colorectal@sums.ac.ir Escitalopram Cell viability Niosome MTT assay Akbari V, Abedi D, Pardakhty A, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Release studies on ciprofloxacin loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles. 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The effect of calcium channels blockade on slow-wave distribution in the electrophysiological model of human gastric wall smooth muscle cells 2 2 Introduction: Two of the most important ion channels in the smooth muscle membrane are L-type and T-type calcium channels. L-type calcium channels are responsible for smooth muscle contraction, while T-type calcium channels are involved in cell membrane depolarization. Methods: In this study, a model consisting of 1200 cells was used to simulate the smooth muscle of the gastric wall. The paper explores the effects of blocking 10%, 50%, 90%, and 100% of L-type and T-type calcium channels on the spatiotemporal wavefront propagation in human gastric wall smooth muscle cells, simulated separately. Results: The results showed that complete blockage had the most significant effect on the slow-wave. Blockage of the L-type calcium channel led to a reduction of -3.4% and -0.8% in the membrane potential during the spike and plateau phases, respectively. The T-type calcium channel reduced the spike and resting membrane potential by -1.8% and -0.9%, respectively. In addition, the L-type calcium channel exhibited a greater impact on reducing muscle contraction compared to the T-type calcium channel. This suggests that higher blockage of calcium channels led to decreased membrane potential during slow-wave phases and reduced muscle contraction, compared to the physiological state. Conclusion: Blocking ion channels in electrophysiological models can potentially help control gastrointestinal tract motility disorders and smooth muscle contraction. 319 330 2022/07/312022/08/222022/07/32021/09/132022/04/72022/06/302021/08/242022/06/12022/05/22021/12/14 1400/9/23 2022/12/32022/11/272022/09/182022/08/272022/09/182022/10/242022/12/32022/12/312022/12/172022/09/18 1401/6/27 Hossein Taghadosi Hossein Taghadosi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran h.taghadosi@srbiau.ac.ir Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran fa.tabatabai@uswr.ac.ir Aydin Farajidavar Aydin Farajidavar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA USA afarajid@nyit.edu Faezeh Khazaee Faezeh Khazaee Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran faezeh.khazaee@srbiau.ac.ir Fatemeh Hoseinpour Fatemeh Hoseinpour Department of Occupational Therapy, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran Iran h.hoseinpour_ot@yahoo.com Stomach Smooth Muscle Cell Slow-wave Calcium Channel Blockers Electrophysiology Annaházi A, Róka R, Rosztóczy A, Wittmann T. 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