2024-03-29T11:53:15+03:30
http://ppj.phypha.ir/browse.php?mag_id=53&slc_lang=en&sid=1
53-881
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Biophysical properties of single potassium channel in the brain mitochondrial inner membrane of male rat with Alzheimer’s disease
Adele
Jafari
adele.jafari@yahoo.com
Javad
Fahanik-babaei
Afsaneh
Eliassi
af.eliassi@sbmu.ac.ir
Reza
Saghiri
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by impairment of
memory and changes in behavior and personality. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial channels play important
roles in memory disorders. Accordingly, the biophysical properties of a single potassium channel were investigated in
the brain mitochondrial inner membrane of rat with Alzheimer’s disease.
Methods: In the male Wistar rats (220-250 g), Alzheimer’s disease was induced by intracerebroventricular injection
of amyloid beta 1-42 (4μg/μL). After two weeks, the brain mitochondrial inner membranes were extracted. Vesicles
were incorporated into lipid bilayer membranes, and single potassium channel properties were investigated. Also, purity
of the cell fraction was tested by Western blotting. Protein samples were probed with specific antibodies.
Results: Based on our previous data, mitochondrial inner membrane has a potassium channel with a main
conductance 93 pS which was 4-AP sensitive and voltage-insensitive at -50 to +40 mV. In the present study, it was
demonstrated that the channel conductance was increased to 114 pS in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the currentvoltage
relationship showed an inward rectification. Western blotting and antibodies directed against various cellular
proteins revealed that the extracted material contains only mitochondria.
Conclusion: Our data showed that the biophysical properties (gating, conductance and activities) of potassium
channel were significantly altered in Alzheimer’s disease. Based on these findings, we propose that the brain
mitochondrial potassium channels are involved in Alzheimer’s disease, and it can be considered as a target for
therapeutic plans.
Alzheimer’s disease
Potassium channel
Mitochondria
Lipid bilayers
2013
3
01
1
14
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-881-en.pdf
53-890
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Effect of endotoxemia on heart rate dynamics in rat isolated perfused hearts
Mohammad Karim
Azadbakht
Roham
Mazloom
Shahram
Shahabi
AliReza
Mani
mani@modares.ac.ir
Introduction: Beat-to-beat variation in heart rate shows a complex dynamics, and this complexity is changed during
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (e.g. sepsis). It is not known whether or not cardiac pacemaker dynamical
rhythm is affected by sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate heart rate dynamics of isolated heart as well as
expression of pacemaker channels (HCN) in a rat model of sepsis (endotoxemia) compared with normal rats.
Methods: Male rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide was injected
intraperitoneally (1mg/kg) in the endotoxemia group, and sterile saline in the control group. Three hours after injection,
cardiac tissues were isolated and studied using Langendorff apparatus. Heart rate dynamics was assessed by calculating
the standard deviation of inter-beat intervals as well as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Quantitative RT-PCR was
used to assess HCN expression in atria.
Results: Hypoxia had a significantly different effect on heart rate variability in endotoxemic rats compared with
controls (P<0.05). DFA analysis showed a linear relationship between logarithm of variance and the logarithm of scale
in both endotoxemic and control rats. Atrial expression of HCN1 and HCN2 at mRNA level were significantly higher in
endotoxemic rats in comparison with controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Spontaneous beatings of isolated hearts exhibit a fractal-like dynamics which did not change after
global hypoxia and/or endotoxemia. Endotoxemia was associated with altered heart rate variability and increased
expression of pacemaker channels that might play a role in pathophysiology of cardiac complications of sepsis.
Endotoxin
Fractal dynamics
Heart rate variability
Hypoxia
2013
3
01
15
26
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-890-en.pdf
53-873
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Modulation of extracellular atrioventricular node field potential pattern and ventricular rhythm by morphine in experimental atrial fibrillation in isolated rabbit heart
Vahid
Khori
vaph99@yahoo.com
Ali Mohammad
Alizadeh
aalizadeh@razi.tums.ac.ir
Bagher
Nikyar
Nikyar132@yahoo.com
Ardeshir
Banikarimi
Banikarimi_239@yahoo.com
Fakhri
Badaghabadi
nazari_2005@yahoo.com
Ahmad
Soltani
ahmadsoltani1351@yahoo.com
Mohsen
Nayebpour
khori.vahid@gmai.com
Introduction: Endorphins are produced by cardiomyocytes, and exert different effects on the heart. The aim of the
present study is to assess morphine effects on extracellular atrioventricular (AV) node field potential pattern and
ventricular rhythm of isolated rabbit heart during experimental atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods: Effects of different concentrations of morphine (10, 20, 50 and 100 μM) were assessed by applying basic
stimuli protocols involving Wenckebach, recovery, zone of concealment and concealed conduction parameters during
experimental atrial fibrillation in isolated rabbit heart. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups.
Results: Morphine significantly suppressed basic parameters of AV node. Morphine (100 μM) significantly
increased wenckebach index (153.6±3.9 to 169.8±2.9 ms) and functional refractory period (156.9±3.0 to 176.4±3.5 ms)
(P 0.05).
Conclusion: The present results showed that morphine has concentration-dependent effects on AV node
electrophysiological properties. Morphine at low concentrations can decrease nodal conduction and refractoriness of
AV node, but in high concentrations causes increased nodal conduction without concealed conduction changes. Dual
effects of morphine can explain the unpredictable behavior of heart in cardiac tachyarrhythmias.
Morphine
Atrial fibrillation
Atrioventricular node
Eelectrophysiology
2013
3
01
27
38
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-873-en.pdf
53-885
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Effect of morphine on apoptotic factors caspase-3, PARP and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in nucleus accumbens in conditioned place preference model in rat
Najmeh
Katebi
najmeh455@yahoo.com
Yasaman
Razavi
yasaman_5050@yahoo.com
Shabnam
Zeighamy Alamdary
shabnam_zeighamy@yahoo.com
Shiva
Irani
shi_irani@yahoo.com
Fariba
Khodagholi
khodagholi@sbmu.ac.ir
Abbas
Haghparast
haghparast@yahoo.com
Introduction: Nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a critical role in neuronal reward circuits that are responsible for
motivated and goal-directed behaviors. Some data suggest that morphine induces apoptosis in neurons, while other
evidences show that morphine could have beneficial effects against neuronal cell death. This study was designed to
evaluate the effect of morphine on apoptosis in the NAc in rat brain by assessing the changes in apoptotic factors.
Methods: To investigate the effects of 3 different doses (0.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) of morphine on induction of
apoptotic factors in the NAc after its sub-chronic consumption, conditioned place preference paradigm was used in
three groups of rats compared with the control group that received saline, and then the changes in apoptotic factors
caspase-3, PARP and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were assessed by western blot technique.
Results: Our results showed that apoptotic factors increase in all three groups treated with morphine. In the nucleus
accumbens, morphine induced significant increase (p<0.01) in caspase-3, PARP and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, in the lowest dose
(0.5 mg/kg) compared with the control group that received saline instead of morphine.
Conclusion: Increase in apoptotic factors by low dose morphine in the nucleus accumbens of morphine-treated rats
shows that morphine can affect the molecular mechanisms which interfere with apoptosis through one kind of its
receptors with high affinity. However, with increase in dose of morphine, it seems that other kinds of opioid receptors
have been involved which exert some neuroprotective effects of morphine against apoptosis.
Morphine
Apoptosis
Nucleus accumbens
Conditioned Place Preference
Western blot
Rat
2013
3
01
39
50
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-885-en.pdf
53-872
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Role of a voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker on inhibition of apoptosis in sensory neurons of cultured dorsal root ganglia in adult rat
Hamid Reza
Momeni
h-momeni@araku.ac.ir
Mohammad Ali
Shariatzadeh
Ahmad
Hamta
Maryam
Mirfakhrai
Najmeh
Eskandari
Introduction: Under pathological conditions, abnormal increase in intracellular calcium concentrations is believed
to induce cell death. In the present study, a voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker (loperamide hydrochloride) was
used to investigate its role in inhibition of apoptosis in sensory neurons of cultured spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG).
Methods: L5 DRG from adult rats were dissected and divided into three groups: 1. Freshly prepared DRG 2.
Control DRG and 3. DRG treated with voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker (loperamide hydrochloride, 200 μM).
The control and the treated DRG were incubated in a culture medium for 72 hours. The DRG were then fixed and
sectioned by a cryostat. Morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in sensory neurons were studied by
fluorescent staining (Propidium iodide and Hoechst) and TUNEL methods, respectively.
Results: After 72 hours in culture, sensory neurons displayed morphological features of apoptosis. Most of these
neurons also appeared as TUNEL positive. At this time period, the application of loperamide hydrochloride not only
inhibited both morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in the sensory neurons but also significantly
increased the mean diameter of nucleus in these neurons compared to the control.
Conclusion: This study showed that elevated intracellular calcium concentration might be one of reasons for
apoptosis of sensory neurons in the cultured DRG.
Dorsal root ganglia
Sensory neuron
Apoptosis
Loperamide hydrochloride
2013
3
01
51
59
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-872-en.pdf
53-884
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
New manifestations of electrophysiological remodeling of heart during experimental model of atrial fibrillation in cirrhotic rat isolated heart
Vahid
Khori
vaph99@yahoo.com
Ali mohammad
Alizadeh
aalizadeh@razi.tums.ac.ir
Hamidreza
Moheimani
h_moheimani@yahoo.com
Delaram
Shakiba
delaramshakiba@gmail.com
Soroosh
Soroosh Aminolsharieh Najafi
s_alizadeh@yahoo.com
Shahryar
Alizadeh
Amiriyani@yahoo.com
Taghi
Amiriyani
Banikarimi@yahoo.com
Ardeshir
Banikarimi
soroosh_am_najafi@yahoo.com
Mahdi
Zahedi
vaph99@yahoo.com
Mohamad hadi
Molseghi
zahedi@yahoo.com
Ahmadreza
Dehpour
Introduction: The present study is aimed to evaluate electrophysiological remodeling of atrioventricular (AV) node
and ventricular conduction during experimental atrial fibrillation (AF) model in isolated heart of cirrhotic rats.
Methods: Cirrhosis-induced electrophysiological remodeling was evaluated in 24 isolated retrogradely perfused rat
hearts in 2 groups (control and cirrhotic). Cirrhosis was induced after 6 weeks of common bile duct ligation in rats.
Extracellular filed potential was recorded from upper atrium and right ventricle. The conduction time, refractoriness and
frequency-dependent properties of AV node were characterized by specific stimulation protocols. Experimental AF
was simulated by high-rate atrial pacing with random coupling intervals (range 75–125 ms).
Results: Nodal conduction time and ventricular responsiveness were significantly increased in the cirrhotic rats
compared to the control (95.8 ± 4.2 ms vs. 78.8 ± 3.3 ms) (P< 0.05). Nodal protective function during AF was
potentiated with increased R-R interval, concealed beats, ventricular refractoriness and zone of concealment in the
cirrhotic group. Cirrhosis evoked rate–dependent ventricular conduction time shortening with different patterns during
arrhythmia.
Conclusion: Cirrhosis-induced electrophysiological remodeling was shown by increased AV nodal conduction and
shortened ventricular conduction. This electrophysiological remodeling may be considered as a new manifestation of
cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in the heart, which can change ventricular rhythm during arrhythmia.
Cirrhosis
atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular node
2013
3
01
60
71
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-884-en.pdf
53-864
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Expression of RFamide-related peptide in the dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus during the estrous cycle of rats
Mohammad Reza
Jafarzadeh Shirazi
mrjaafarzadeh@yahoo.com
Farid
Pazoohi
pazhoohi@gmail.com
Mohammad Javad
Zamiri
zamiri@shirazu.ac.ir
Mohammad Saeed
Salehi
saied.salehi@gmail.com
Mohammad Reza
Namavar
namavarreza@yahoo.com
Amin
Tamadon
tamadon@shirazu.ac.ir
Nader
Tanideh
nadertanideh@yahoo.com
Afsoon
Zarei
afsunz@yahoo.com
Kazuyoshi
Tsutsui
k-tsutsui@waseda.jp
Introduction: RFamide-related peptide (RFRP) is believed to act as an inhibitor of gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) secretion. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression pattern of RFRP neurons in the
dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus (DMH) at different phases of the rat estrous cycle.
Methods: The phases of the estrous cycle were determined in 16 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using vaginal
smears. The rats were divided into five groups: proestrus phase (n=4), early estrus phase (n=3), estrus phase (n=3),
metestrus phase (n=3) and diestrus phase (n=3). After transcardial perfusion, their brains were removed and fixed.
Diencephalon of each rat brain was sectioned, and DMH-containing sections were stained using an
immunohistochemical method. The number of RFRP positive neurons in DMH was counted microscopically.
Results: Almost all of the neurons expressing RFRP in the DMH were bipolar. Mean and standard error of the
number of RFRP neurons during diestrus (45.8±12.6) and estrus phases (44.7±3.6) were greater (P<0.05) than early
estrus (18.8±0.8) and proestrus phases (16.2±2.0).
Conclusion: Results confirm a regulatory role for RFRP in DMH in the control of rat estrous cycle.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Estrous cycle
Dorsomedial nucleus
Rat
2013
3
01
72
79
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-864-en.pdf
53-888
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Evidences for a new cation channel in the brain mitochondrial inner membrane
Javad
Fahanikbabaei
fahanikbabaei1358@gmail.com
Adele
Jafari
Afsaneh
Eliassi
af.eliassi@sbmu.ac.ir
Reza
Saghiri
Introduction: Previous studies and our works have indicated several cation channels in the rat brain mitochondrial
inner membrane. In this work, we report the single-channel characterization of a cation channel from the rat brain
mitochondrial inner membrane incorporated into a planar lipid bilayer.
Methods: After removing and homogenizing the adult rat brain, its supernatant was centrifuged in MSE-digitonin,
H2O and Na2CO3, separately. Then, mitochondrial inner membrane vesicles were prepared in MSE solution. L-α-
Phosphatidylcholine (for preparing membrane lipid bilayer) was extracted from fresh egg yolk. Bilayer lipid membranes
were formed in a 150 μm diameter hole. All single channel recordings were filtered at 1 kHz and stored at a sampling
rate of 10 kHz for offline analysis by PClamp10. Statistical analysis was performed based on Markov noise free single
channel analysis.
Results: The channel conductance was 93 pS in 200 mM KCl cis/50 mM KCl trans. The channel open probability
appeared voltage-independent at -50 to +40 mV. The main characteristic of channel gating was its marked bursting
behavior. Adding 10 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) at positive and negative potentials inhibited the channel activities.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that a new cation channel, present in the brain mitochondrial inner
membrane, displays different kinetics and biophysical properties than those classically described for brain
mitochondria.
Mitochondria
Potassium channel
4-AP
Mitochondrial cation channel
2013
3
01
80
93
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-888-en.pdf
53-867
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of aqueous extract and essential oil of Pulicaria gnaphalodes on PTZ-induced seizures in male rat
Morteza
Zendehdel
zendedel@ut.ac.ir
Roza
Fallah
falah@yahoo.com
Ali
Baghbanzadeh
abaghban@ut.ac.ir
Maryam
Pourrahimi
mm_pi50@yahoo.com
Nabi
Shariatifar
shariatifar@yahoo.com
Sedigheh
Garavand
garavand@yahoo.com
Introduction: Pulicaria gnaphalodes contains terpenoids and flavonoids. Referring to the role of benzodiazepine
(BZD) receptor ligands as drug candidates in the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety and sleep disturbances, and since natural
flavonoids are among these candidates and hold promise as BZD receptor ligands, this research was done to assess the
effects of aqueous extract and essential oil of Pulicaria gnaphalodes on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ).
Methods: In this research, male Wistar rats (200±20 g) were injected intracerebroventrically by vehicle, aqueous
extract (125, 250 and 500 μg) or essential oil (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) (1 μL volume in each), before intraperitoneal
administration of PTZ (80 mg/kg) for induction of seizure. Then, onset times of myoclonic (stages 1, 2 and 3) and tonicclonic
(stages 4 and 5) seizures were recorded during 20 minutes after PTZ administration. Data were analyzed by oneway
analysis of variance.
Results: The results of this study showed that aqueous extract and essential oil of Pulicaria gnaphalodes increase
initiation time of PTZ-induced myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures.
Conclusion: Aqueous extract and essential oil of Pulicaria gnaphalodes probably have dose-dependent
anticonvulsant property.
Epilepsy
Pulicaria gnaphlodes
PTZ
2013
3
01
94
100
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-867-en.pdf
53-862
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Effect of vitamin C on tracheal responsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model of guinea pig
Rana
Keyhanmanesh
r_keyhanmanesh@yahoo.com
Mahdi
Ahmadi
mahdi59@yahoo.com
Sajjad
Jeddy
sajad.jeddy62@gmail.com
Horyeh
Bagban
horyehbaghban@yahoo.com
Fariba
Mirzaei Bavil
bavil2000@yahoo.com
Mohammad Reza
Alipour
alipourmr52@yahoo.com
Mohammad Hossein
Boskabady
mhboskabady@hotmail.com
Javad
Ashrafi Helan
r_keyhanmanesh@yahoo.com
Mohammad Ali
Ebrahimi Saadatlou
r_keyhanmanesh@yahoo.com
Introduction: In the present study, the prophylactic effect of vitamin C, as a potent anti-oxidant, on tracheal
responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid white blood cell (WBC) count and
differential count, and also lung pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -guinea pigs (cigarette
exposed guinea pigs) were examined. In addition, the relaxant effects of theophylline on tracheal chains of guinea pigs
were studied.
Methods: Twenty four male guinea pigs were randomly divided to three groups control (C group), COPD model of
guinea pigs (COPD group) and pretreated group (COPD+ Vit C group). The two first groups were given drinking water
alone, and the third group used water containing vitamin C. The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of
theophylline were examined by their relaxant effects on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl
(group 1) and 10 μM methacholine (group 2).
Results: The tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumine, and WBC count of COPD guinea pigs were
significantly higher than those of controls (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The lung in COPD group showed significant
pathological changes. The tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and avalbumine and WBC count were significantly
decreased in pretreated group compared with the COPD guinea pigs (COPD group) (p<0.05 to p<0.001). In both
groups, the relaxant effect of theophylline in the COPD group was lower than the control group (group C) (p<0.05 to
p<0.001).
Conclusion: These results showed prophylactic effect of vitamin C on tracheal responsiveness and pulmonary
inflammation of COPD-guinea pigs.
COPD
vitamin C
tracheal responsiveness
2013
3
01
101
115
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-862-en.pdf
53-846
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
Effect of transient inactivation of rostral ventromedial medulla on swim stress induced analgesia in formalin test in rats
Neda
Soleimani
nedasoliemani@yahoo.com
Elaheh
Erami
hasan.azhdari@gmail.com
Mehdi
Abbasnejad
alishamsy@gmail.com
Shamsizadeh
Ali
hasan.azhdari@gmail.com
Azhdari-Zarmehri
Hassan
Introduction: Despite significant progress in understanding pain control mechanism, there are numerous questions
about central nervous mechanisms underlying stress-induced analgesia. The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in the
brainstem integrates a variety of functions, including pain modulation and pain perception. In the present study, we
investigated the effect of temporary inactivation of RVM on stress-induced analgesia.
Methods: This study was performed using adult male Wistar rats (200-250 gr). Swim stress was induced using a
cylinder filled with water (50 cm height, 20±1°C) in which the rats were kept for 3 min. For induction of pain, 50 μL of
2% formalin was injected subcutaneously in the hind paw. For temporary inactivation of RVM, 0.5 μL of 2% lidocaine
was injected into RVM.
Results: Injection of lidocaine into RVM, before inducing swim stress, potentiated the anti-nociceptive effects of
swim stress in phase 1 and phase 2A. In phase 2B swim stresses increased nociceptive scores of formalin test so
administration of lidocaine into RVM inhibited the effect of swim stress.
Conclusion: The result of this study demonstrated that temporal inactivation of RVM by lidocaine potentiated
stress-induced analgesia.
Rostral Ventromedial Medulla
Lidocaine
Formalin test
Stress-induced analgesia
2013
3
01
116
124
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-846-en.pdf
53-876
2024-03-29
10.1002
Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiol Pharmacol
24765236
24765244
10.61186/phypha
2013
17
1
The effect of Co-administrtion of Ascorbic acid and Bromocriptine in nucleus accumbens shell on locomotor activity in male rats by Open Field Test
Mehdi
Abbasnejad
Fatemeh
Shahsevari
Background: Ascorbic acid (AA) as a vitamin and neuromodulator is present in the most part of CNS such as nucleus accumbens shell (Acbsh), so the main purpose of this investigation was to evaluated the effect of AA and their Co-administration in Acbsh on anxiety and motor activity of rat by Open Field Test(OFT).
Methods: Forty nine adult male Wistar rats (220-270 g) were used into 7 groups: control (intact), sham AA (injected normal salin as AA vehicle), 3 groups of AA (12,24 and 48 μg/rat/side), AA plus Br (24 and 25 μg/rat/side), sham AA plus Br.
Drugs were injected (volum= 1µl) for one-day period , locomotor activity and anxiety behavior were assessed.
Results: The result showed that Intra-accumbance injection of AA (12, 24 and 48 μg/rat/side) increased locomotor activity and decreased anxiety. Co-administration of AA and Br, showed AA could attenuate the effect of Br.
Conclusion: Our findings confirm the role of AA as an effective factor in locomotor activity and anxiety regulation in NAcS.
Ascorbic acid
Nucleus accumbens shell
Bromocriptine
Locomotor activity
2013
3
01
125
136
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-876-en.pdf