eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
1
1
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Editorial Board
in the name of God, most gracious, most merciful
Physiology and Pharmacology
Indexing: Index Copernicus (IC), Scientific Information Database (SID)
Physiology and Pharmacology is the official publication of the Iranian Society of Physiology and
Pharmacology. The journal publishes full-length original articles in physiology, pharmacology
and related subjects.
Editorial office: Tehran, P.O. Box 19835-181, I.R. IRAN.
Chairperson Editor-in-Chief
Fereshteh Motamedi PhD Saeed Semnanian PhD
Professor of Physiology Professor of Physiology
Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University
Editorial Committee:
A Ahmadiani PhD H Esteki PhD A Khoshbaten PhD F Roshanzamir PhD
J Behzadi PhD Y Fathollahi PhD M Mahmoudian PhD M Sabetkasaie PhD
G Dehghan PhD T Ghafghazi PhD H Manaheji PhD S Semnanian PhD
AR Dehpour PhD M Janahmadi PhD F Motamedi PhD S Zahedi-Asl PhD
A Eliasi PhD M Javan PhD MH Pourgholami PhD MR Zarrindast PhD
Editorial Committee Secretary Technical and Executive Manager
M Sabetkasaie PhD M Javan PhD
Assoc. Prof. of Pharmacology Assist. Prof. of Physiology
Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University
Consultants:
A Rashidypour PhD
M Nayebpour PhD
AR Asgari PhD
HR Sadeghipour PhD
MR Panjehshahin PhD
A Haeri PhD
M Samini PhD
H Parsai PhD
MR Mahdavi PhD
AR Sarkaki PhD
HR Rasekh PhD
H Najafipour PhD
Web: www.phypha.ir/ppj Email: ppj@phypha.ir
Publisher:
Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
ISSN: 1735-0581
Annual subscription rates:
Iran: Hard copy 100,000 Rls., CD-ROM 60,000 Rls., CD-ROM plus Hard copy 140,000 Rls.
All other countries: Hard copy US$ 60, CD-ROM US$ 50, CD-ROM plus Hard copy US$ 80.
Single copy: Iran 30,000 Rls., All other countries US$ 20.
Copyright © 2006 by Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
231
242
article
Effects of tripolar TENS of vertebral column on slow and fast motor units: A preliminary study using H-reflex recovery curve method
Leila Simorgh
1
Giti Torkaman
2
Seyyed Mohammad Firoozabadi
3
Introduction: Effect of tripolar TENS of vertebral column on slow and fast motoneurons
(MNs) activity of soleus muscle was previously investigated. In this study for better
differentiation of the behavior of slow and fast MNs, we exploited H-reflex recovery curve
recording in two muscles of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius, respectively as the
representatives of slow and fast muscles.
Methods: 10 healthy non-athlete women aged 22.7±2.21 years participated in two
(control and test) sessions. H-reflex recovery curve of soleus (slow) and gastrocnemius
(fast) muscles were recorded before and 15 minutes after applying tripolar TENS (TENS
frequency= 100 Hz and pulse width= 300 μs) on vertebral column. For recording the curve,
rectangular paired stimuli were applied on tibial nerve (ISI= 40-520, frequency= 0.2 Hz,
pulse width= 600 μs).
Results: Our findings showed that maximum H-reflex recovery in gastrocnemius muscle
appeared in shorter ISIs (240 ms), while in soleus muscle it appeared in longer ISIs (400
ms). H-reflex recovery curve amplitude slightly decreased after applying tripolar TENS.
The comparison of H-reflex recovery curve of both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles either
in control or test session did not show any significant difference (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It is suggested that tripolar TENS excites not only the skin but also Ia and Ib
afferents in the dorsal column. Synaptic interactions of these afferents in spinal cord cause
the inhibition of type I MNs and facilitation of type II MNs.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf
Tripolar TENS
H-reflex
Recovery curve
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
MNs.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
243
249
article
Gastroprotective effect of Alhagi camelorum on experimental gastric ulcer in rats
Mohammad Kazem Gharibnaseri
1
Seyed Ali Mard
a_mard2003@yahoo.com
2
Introduction: Alhagi camelorum belongs to the Leguminosae family is used in Iranian
folk medicine to treat some gastric diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate
the Alhagi camelorum aqueous extract for anti-ulcer activity in rats.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were pretreated with the A. camelorum aqueous extract (150,
300 or 450 mg/kg of B.W., P.O.) before induction of gastric ulcer by water immersion
restraint-stress at 20-22 °C (5 h) or before induction of the ulcer by ethanol 100% (1
ml/200g of B.W., P.O.). Negative control animals received saline (0.5 ml/100 g of B.W.).
Positive control animals received ranitidine (60 mg/kg, P.O.).
Results: The A. camelorum aqueous extract (ACE) protected rats against water
immersion restraint-stress and ethanol-induced ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. In water
immersion restraint induced ulcerated rat, the ACE increased pH and reduced gastric acid
content. ACE did not show any signs of toxicity and mortality up to10 g/kg, P.O. in mice.
Conclusion: The results suggest that A. camelorum aqueous extract can exert significant
mucosal protection and antisecretory effects on gastric mucosa in rats.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-295-en.pdf
Alhagi camelorum
antiulcer activity
rat
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
251
258
article
Role of GABAA receptors of bed nucleus stria terminalis in controlling of blood pressure and heart rate in rats
Maesoumeh Hatam
mhatam@hums.ac.ir
1
Ali Nasimi
2
Introduction: The Bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST) is a part of the limbic system. It
was recently shown that chemical stimulation of the BST by L-glutamate elicited
cardiovascular depressive responses. In the present study, we have investigated the possible
cardiovascular role of the GABAergic receptors in BST by microinjection of its agonist and
antagonists.
Methods: Experiments were performed on 21 anaesthetized rats. Drugs were
microinjected into the BST in volume of 50 nl using streotaxic apparatus. Blood pressure
and heart rate were recorded before and throughout each experiment. The averages of
maximum changes in the arterial pressure and heart rate were compared with control group
and with its average in before injections using student t-test and paired t-test, respectively.
Results: GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline met iodide (BMI, 1 mM), increased
both arterial pressure (+14.2±3.08) and heart rate (+9.8± 2.5) (p<0.05). Muscimole, a
GABAA agonist (5 mM), caused a significant decrease of the arterial pressure (-10.2 ±4.1)
and heart rate (-20.3±9.40) (p<0.01). However, microinjection of phaclofen (5 mM), a
GABAB receptor antagonist caused small unsignificant changes of the heart rate and blood
pressure.
Conclusion: GABAergic inhibitory neurons of the BST seems to cause decrease in the
blood pressure and heart rate by GABAA but not GABAB receptors.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-294-en.pdf
Bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST)
Bicuculline
Muscimole
Phaclofen
Blood pressure
Heart rate.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
267
274
article
Effect of nitric oxide on skin blood flow of intact and morphine- dependent rats
Fatemeh Safari
1
Sohrab Hajizadeh
2
Yaghoub Fathollahi
3
Hossein Azizi
4
Introduction: The relation between morphine and nitric oxide release has been shown. Due to important role of nitric oxide in regulation of skin blood flow, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) and nitric oxide synthesis precursor (L-arginine) on skin blood flow of intact and morphine-dependent rats.
Methods: Skin blood flow of hind paw was measured using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) technique. Animals became morphine dependent by a well established protocol.
Results: Subcutaneous injection of L-arginine (10 or 20 mg/kg) respectively increased skin blood flow by 39% and 64% in intact rats and by 37% and 65% in morphine-dependent rats. There was no significant difference between blood flow in intact and morphine-dependent rats. L-NAME (1 or 5 mg/kg) diminished skin blood flow of intact rats by 35% and 58.7% and skin blood flow of morphine-dependent rats by 29.1% and 60.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between these two groups. The effect of L-arginine was abolished by pretreatment with L-NAME in morphine-dependent as well as intact groups.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that changes in the level of nitric oxide, cause the same skin blood flow alterations in both morphine-dependent and intact rats. More experiments are needed to elucidate the level of nitric oxide release in skin vascular system following dependency.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-508-en.pdf
Morphine-dependent rats
Skin Blood Flow
Nitric Oxide
L-arginine
L-NAME
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
275
282
article
A study of the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on MK801 induced forgetfulness in rats
Elaheh Noshinfar
e_nooshinfar@yahoo.com
1
Maspumeh Sabet-kasaei
2
Introduction: Many people with amnesia would like to try herbal therapies. Ginkgo
biloba is one of the most popular herbs which is used to treat amnesia. The beneficial effects
of this plant, however, has not been scientifically assessed yet. Although, there have been
some reports on the memory enhancement effect of Ginkgo biloba, the mechanism of its
action is not yet explained well. Considering the role of glutaminergic system in learning
and memory, the current study was intended to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in
the effect of Ginkgo biloba intake on amnesia.
Methods: The study used passive avoidance method to investigate the effect of dried
extracts of Ginkgo biloba (40 milligram pills) on the memory span of male Wistar rats,
suffering from MK801-induced forgetfulness (NMDA receptor antagonist). ANOVA was
used to evaluate the results.
Result: Ginkgo biloba was able to remove MK801-induced forgetfulness (P<0/001)
indicating that the extract can affect learning and memory, using pathways other than
glutaminergic system.
Conclusion: The results might indicate that Ginkgo extract can be effective in treating
non-acute amnesia caused by inhibiting NMDA receptors.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-286-en.pdf
Ginkgo biloba; Larning and memory ; NMDA receptors; Forgetfulness
Rat.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
283
289
article
The effects of locus coeruleus electrical stimulation on brain waves of morphine dependent rats
Safoura Raufi
safooraraufi@yahoo.com
1
Hojjatollah Alaii
2
Introduction: Opiates cause dependency via affect on central nervous system. Locus
coeruleus nucleus is a main group of noradrenergic neurons in the brain that plays an
important role in the expression of opioid withdrawal signs. During opioid withdrawal, brain
waves change in addition to physical and behavioral signs. In this study, we examined the
effects of locus coeruleus electrical stimulation on brain waves of morphine dependent rats.
Methods: Ten male Wistar rats were given intraplantar injections of increasing doses of
morphine for 9 days. On day 10 after induction of anesthesia, electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording was done. The EEG recording was also continued after intraplantar injection of
naloxone. In the next step, rats were placed in stereotaxic apparatus and following the
electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus, EEG was also recorded.
Results: Naloxone Injection increased the power of delta waves (P<0.05) and decreased
the power of theta waves (P<0.01). The power of alpha waves and beta waves had not
significant changes following naloxone administration. Electrical stimulation of locus
coeruleus, decreased the power of delta waves(P<0.01) and increased the power of alpha
waves (P<0.05) , but did not change the power of theta and beta waves. The EEG total
power increased during the withdrawal and decreased following electrical stimulation of
locus coeruleus.
Conclusion: The changes in EEG due to naloxone administration which reversed toward
the basal level after electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus suggests that violence of the
locus coeruleus activity by its electrical stimulation in withdrawal stage, results in a
compensative reaction in order to attenuation the effects of hyperactivity of the locus
coeruleus.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-287-en.pdf
Electrical stimulation
Locus coeruleus
Brain waves
Morphine
Rat.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
291
302
article
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis and stimulatory G proteins signaling role in nociceptive changes induced by forced swim stress
Masoud Fereidoni
1
Mohammad Javan
2
Saeed Semnanian
ssemnan@modares.ac.ir
3
Abolhasan Ahmadiani
4
Introduction: Different mechanisms are involved in stress induced analgesia (SIA) and
hyperalgesia (SIH). Repeated stress induces development of tolerance to SIA. The role of
HPA axis and Gs signaling pathway in these effects are investigated in the current study.
Methods: Forced swim stress (5 min/day) in water (20±1 ºC) was employed to adult
male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The nociceptive threshold was assessed using tail flick test.
Adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were also subjected to stress tests. Oseltamivir was used to
block Gs signaling pathway.
Results: Stress produced analgesia for 1 h (p<0.001) and hyperalgesia during 3-24 h after
its induction (p<0.05). Repeated administration of the stress caused tolerance development
to SIA and increased SIH recorded at 24 h after each session (p<0.001). Oseltamivir
couldn’t reverse the SIH. Dexamethasone produced hyperalgesia from 30 min (p<0.001) to
24 h after its administration (p<0.01). Repeated injection of dexamethasone increased the
hyperalgesia recorded at 24 h after treatment (p<0.001). In ADX animals SIA continued for
24 h (p<0.01). Adrenalectomy attenuated the chronic stress-induced SIA tolerance and
eliminated SIH.
Conclusion: SIH is suggested to be related to adrenal activity which also has a role in
SIA tolerance. Upper parts of HPA axis seems to be responsible for SIA. Oseltamivir could
not reverse the SIH. Therefore, the Gs signaling pathway activation by opioid system may
not be responsible for SIH.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-288-en.pdf
Forced swim stress
Analgesia
Hyperalgesia
HPA
Oseltamivir.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
303
311
article
Effect of Artemisia absinthium on electrophysiological properties of isolated heart of rats
Vahid Khori
vaph99@yahoo.com
1
Mohsen Nayebpour
2
Introduction: Treatment of supraventricular arrhythmia includes wide range of medical
interventions. Herbal remedies are suitable alternatives for synthetic drugs due to their
availability, minimal side effects and lower price. Pharmacological studies and traditional
medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Artemisia absinthium L. from
Compositae family of plants.
Methods: In the present study we used Langendorff model of isolated heart of rats as an
experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of methanolic extract
of A. absinthium (3×10 -11 %W/V to 4× 10 -8 %W/V) on electrophysiological properties of
isolated hearts.
Results: Our results showed depressant effect of A. absinthium extract on Wenchebach
Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Effective and Functional Refractory
Periods (ERP & FRP) of the isolated heart.
Conclusion: The results indicated potential antiarrhythmic effect of A. absinthium extract
in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf
Artemisia absinthium
Arrhythmia
Langendorff
Electrophysiology
Heart.
eng
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
2007-01
10
4
313
321
article
Effects of alcoholic extract of Avena sativa, Hypericum perforatum, Passiflora incarnata and Lavandula officinalis on symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats
Narges Kerachian
kerachian_a@yahoo.com
1
Hojjatollah Alaee
2
Mahin Gharavi-Naini
3
Aliasghar Pilevarian
4
Ali Moghimi
5
Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that plants Avena sativa, Hypericum
perforatum, Passiflora incarnata and Lavandula officinalis can affect nervous system and
reduce neural excitability and pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a
mixture of these four plant’s alcoholic extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms.
Methods: Experiments were performed on four animal groups of Wistar rats weighing
250-300 g (N= 7). For addiction induction, increasing doses of morphine were injected
(Intraperitonealy (i.p.)) during nine days. After scientific identification, the plants were
dried in room temperature and pulverized. Four plants powder were mixed with same
proportion and then extracted using ethylic alcohol 70% by percolation method and then
concentrated by rotary, and administrated at the dose of 400 mg/kg in all experimental
groups. Morphine withdrawal syndrome symptoms include standing, stretching, jumping,
Limbs shaking, blinking, ptosis, were recorded for 30 minutes.
Results: Analysis of results showed a significant reduction of withdrawal symptoms in
experimental groups (post and co -treated) in comparison with sham group.. Administration
of extract cocktail prior to naloxone induced precipitation of withdrawal syndromes,
reduced the expression of syndrome signs.
Conclusion: It seems that administration of extract cocktail of these four plants inhibits
both development and expression of morphine physical dependence symptoms. Considering
the effects of different substances of above mentioned plants on excitability and anxiety
mechanisms of the brain, the results of this study support the traditional application of these
plants.
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-290-en.pdf
Morphine physical dependence
Avena sativa
Hypericum perforatum
Passiflora incarnata
Lavandula officinalis
Rat.