@article{ author = {Sadat-Shirazi, Mitra-Sadat and Ashabi, Ghorbangol and Babhadiashar, Nima and BahramiHessari, Mohammadreza and Vousooghi, Nasim and Zarrindast, Mohammad-Rez}, title = {Executive functions are related to serum testosterone and basal metabolism rate fluctuation but not lymphocyte dopamine receptor expression in the young healthy participants}, abstract ={Introduction: Herein, we evaluated linkages between EFs performances and dopamine receptor (DR)  mRNA and testosterone level in the young Iranian male people. Methods: All 140 participants were normalized using depression, anxiety and stress scale questionnaire. Remained 108 volunteers were tested against drug abuse and then volunteers were distinguished by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT). According to WCST, participants were divided into two low and high EFs performance. Afterward, anthropometric factors, body mass index (BMI) and serum testosterone level were measured in low and high EFs groups. Blood samples were collected, and biochemical and anthropometric data were evaluated; serum testosterone and DR mRNA expression were assessed in participants. Results: Data showed there are no differences between two groups in Na+, K+, glucose, urea, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT and other biochemical serum agents (P>0.05) but BMI was increased in low EFs compared with high EFs (P=0.000). Interestingly, there is no difference in DR expression between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our data presented that fluctuation of EFs performances in healthy adult male cases might depend on BMI and serum testosterone; while dopamine receptors in the blood lymphocytes had no substantial role in the EFs. High serum testosterone reduced EFs in the young adults.}, Keywords = {Executive function, Dopamine receptor, Testosterone, Young people, Blood lymphocytes, Body mass index}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1310-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1310-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ništiar, František and Lukačínová, Agnesa and Rácz, Oliver and Nováková, Jaroslava and Lovásová, Eva and Brenišin, Marek and Rusnáková, Simo}, title = {Preventive effect of natural dietary supplement -Flavin7- on the onset of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in bio-breeding diabetes prone rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preventive effects of Flavin7 in prediabetic bio-breeding diabetes prone (BB-DP) rats. Methods: Foutthy rats were divided into 2 equal groups: group C (untreated control group) and group F7 with Flavin7 (natural dietary supplement F7 with bioflavonoids, 0.2 mg/l) in drinking water from 21st day after birth to 171st day of their life, respectively. Blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, body weight, food intake, water intake and urine output were determined.  Results: The age of diabetes onset was significantly higher for group F7 compared to group C (P<0.05). The incidence of diabetes was lower in group F7 than in group C. Blood glucose at the diabetes onset was higher in group C than in F7 group (P<0.05). Decrease of antioxidant status parameters, at the treatment onset as well as immediately after its termination showed a drop in the F7 group firstly, but increased progressively later, until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: F7 delayed the development of diabetes in BB-DP rats and prevented its onset. The severity of diabetes mellitus was milder in rats treated with F7 than in control group.}, Keywords = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus, BB-DP rats, Flavin7, Prevention of diabetes}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-18}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1339-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1339-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yazdanimehr, Samira and Mohammadi, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {Protective effects of rosuvastatin against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={Introduction: According to the powerful antioxidant effects of rosuvastatin, the present study aimed to examine the protective effects of rosuvastatin against oxidative damage of diabetic pancreas by potentiation of the antioxidant capacity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Experiment was performed in four groups of male Wistar rats (n=6 in each group): normal, diabetic and two treatment groups (normal and diabetic rats treated with rosuvastatin). Rats were made diabetic by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) at the beginning of study. Treatment groups received orally rosuvastatin at dose of 10 mg/kg/day. After eight weeks, the pancreas tissues were removed under deep anesthesia. After tissue homogenization, the contents of glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were assessed by biochemical methods. Results: Blood glucose of diabetic rats was above 350 mg/dl. The MDA content of the homogenized pancreas significantly increased in diabetic rats by 92%. Diabetes also decreased the content of glutathione (32%) as well as SOD activity (68%) of pancreas tissues. Treatment with rosuvastatin noticeably decreased the MDA levels of diabetic pancreas (90%). Moreover, rosuvastatin significantly increased the glutathione content (21%) and SOD activity (67%) of pancreas tissues in treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that rosuvastatin is able to attenuate the uncontrolled hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage of pancreas through potentiation of the antioxidant defense system.}, Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Rosuvastatin, Hyperglycemia, Oxidative damage, Antioxidant }, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1329-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1329-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hasanpour, Mahmoud and Ashrafi, Mahboobeh and Erjaee, Hoda and Nazifi, Saee}, title = {The effect of saffron aqueous extract on oxidative stress parameters and important biochemical enzymes in the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Sexual dysfunction and infertility are frequently associated with diabetes in men and experimental animals. Oxidative stress and alteration in testis are responsible for complication in diabetes. Saffron has antidiabetic and antioxidant properties that improves the functions of various organs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of administration of saffron aqueous extract in testis tissues of diabetic rats. Methods: The fasted rats were injected by a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a freshly prepared solution of streptozocin (STZ, 65mg/kg) in 0.1 M cold citrate buffer (pH=4.5). Three days after STZ administration, the animals with fasting blood glucose concentrations of over 250mg/dl were considered to be diabetic and were used in the experimental groups as follows: normal control (1), diabetic control (2), saffron control (3) and saffron treated (4). The treatment was started on the 7th day after STZ injection with ip injection of saffron (200mg/kg), five doses and weekly to groups (3 and 4). At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood glucose levels and the activity of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA content were determined in testis tissues. Results: Results showed saffron administration decreased elevated biochemical enzymes levels in testis of diabetic rats. Also, saffron significantly increased CAT and GPx activities in testis of diabetic rats. MDA levels had no significant changes in all experimental groups. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that saffron administration improved antioxidant enzymes function against oxidative stress.}, Keywords = {Saffron aqueous extract, Diabetes mellitus, Testis, Biochemical and Antioxidant enzymes}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-37}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1294-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1294-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hassanzadeh, Parichehr and Arbabi, Elham and Atyabi, Fatemeh and Dinarvand, Rassoul}, title = {Carbon nanotubes provide longer lasting gastroprotective effects for anandamide in stress-induced gastric ulcer in rat}, abstract ={Introduction: Anandamide (AEA) has shown a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including the effects against the peptic ulcer, meanwhile, the poor solubility or short half-life may negatively affect the effectiveness of this valuable cannabinoid. Based on the superior properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for controlled drug delivery, we aimed to prepare AEA-CNTs complex and evaluate its therapeutic potential in an experimental model of gastric ulcer. Methods: Amino-functionalized multi-walled CNTs-AEA (MWCNTs-AEA) complex was prepared using COOH-MWCNTs and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Gastric ulcer was induced by water immersion and restrain stress (WRS) for 3.5 and 6 h in rats and the gastric lesion and oxidative stress were evaluated. Results: AEA at higher doses reduced the gastric ulcer area and malondialdehyde content and elevated glutathione level and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities after 3.5-h WRS but it was ineffective after 6-h WRS. MWCNTs-AEA complex showed therapeutic effects after both 3.5- and 6-h WRS. Conclusion: Aminated MWCNTs are suitable carriers for AEA as they provide longer lasting effects for this cannabinoid. The antioxidant mechanism may be involved in the gastroprotective effects of MWCNTs-AEA complex.}, Keywords = {Carbon nanotubes, Anandamide, Gastric ulcer, Rat}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {38-47}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1266-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1266-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nazariani, Nasim and Mard, Seyyed Ali and Nasri, Sima and Veisi, Ali}, title = {Gastroprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in diabetic rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The incidence rate of gastric erosions and ulcers in diabetic patients are higher due to failure of mucosal antioxidant defense and maintain enough blood flow. The present study evaluated the gastro-protective effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in diabetic rats. Methods: In order to test anti-ulcer activity of NaHS against indomethacin, four diabetic groups of rats including diabetic control and 3 NaHS-treated groups received a single dose of physiologic saline or NaHS at 320, 640 and 1280 μg/kg respectively, 30 min before ulcer induction by indomethacin. Five hours later, the animals were killed and their stomachs were removed for macroscopically and microscopically evaluations. In order to evaluate the antacid effect of NaHS, 4 groups of diabetic rats received physiologic saline or NaHS at 320, 640 and 1280 μg/kg and 30 min later anesthetized, underwent a midline laparotomy and then their pylorus ligated. Five hours later, the animals were killed, their stomachs were removed and pH of gastric effluents were measured. Results: Indomethacin induced gastric lesions in glandular part of the stomach. NaHS at 640 and 1280 μg/kg significantly decreased the indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in diabetic rats. The pH of gastric effluents and mucus content increased by NaHS at doses of 640 and 1280 μg/kg. Macroscopic and microscopic observations showed that mucosal erosions induced by indomethacin were significantly inhibited by NaHS. Conclusion: results suggest NaHS through decreasing the rate of gastric acid output and increasing the mucus production, protected the gastric mucosa against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Gastric acid secretion, sodium hydrosulfide, Rat}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1322-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1322-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sadeghzadeh, Sara and Hejazian, Seyed Hasan and Jamhiri, Mohabbat and Hafizibarjin, Zeynab and Sadeghzadeh, Salman and Safari, Fatemeh}, title = {The effect of carvacrol on transcription levels of Bcl-2 family proteins in hypertrophied heart of rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Cardiomyocytes apoptosis contributes to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. The Bcl-2 family members are important regulators of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Monoterpenoid phenol –carvacrol– possesses strong antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacrol on transcription level of pro-apoptotic (Bad and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and BCL-xL) members of Bcl-2 family in hypertrophied hearts. Methods: Male Wistar rats (170-200 g) were divided into the following groups: (I) intact animals served as the control (Ctl), (II) un-treated rats subjected to aortic banding to induce left ventricular hypertrophy (H group), (III, IV, V and VI): carvacrol (C)-pretreated rats (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day) subjected to aortic banding (H+C5, H+C10, H+C25 and H+C50 groups, respectively). Blood pressure was recorded through the carotid artery cannulation. Fibrosis was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining. Gene expression was evaluated by real time-PCR technique. Results: In the H+C10, H+C25 and H+C50 groups mean arterial pressure (P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) and heart weight to body weight ratio (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) were decreased significantly in comparison with H group. In the H group the Bad mRNA level was increased significantly compared to Ctl (P<0.001); while in the H+C10, H+C25 and H+C50 groups Bad mRNA level was decreased significantly (P<0.0 5, P<0.001 and P<0.001 vs. H). In H+C25 and H+C50 groups Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA were also up-regulated when compared with Ctl. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that carvacrol may protect the hypertrophied heart against apoptosis by affecting transcription of Bcl-2 family members.}, Keywords = {Cardiac hypertrophy, Apoptosis, Carvacrol, Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Bcl-xl}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-62}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1305-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1305-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alimoradian, Abbas and Ansarihadipour, Hadi and Changizi-Ashtiyani, Saeed and Chehrei, Ali and Talebi, Reza and Davudian, Sadaf and Rostami, Soheil}, title = {Protective effects of omega-3, atorvastatin, vitamin E and vitamin C against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: a comparison study}, abstract ={Introduction: The stress-oxidative is involved in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Due to the potential and previous reported for antioxidant properties of atorvastatin, omega-3, vitamin E and vitamin C, their efficacy to prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was investigated in this study. Methods: Fifty-six male rats were divided into 8 groups which received omega-3, atorvastatin, vitamin E, vitamin C, normal saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) via gavage for 14 days then a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally except two last groups that received only normal saline or DMSO. The level of oxidative stress parameters like ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) before and after DOX injection and malondialdehyde (MDA) of heart were estimated. Also the histopathologic assessments were done on heart sample at the end of experimental period. Results: The results showed that compared to other agents, omega-3 could emerge as the most protection against DOX. Its pretreatment led to one of the most FRAP changing percent meanwhile less MDA value and cardio pathologic indexes almost close to control groups compared to that of other agents (P<0.01). Conclusion: Omega-3 may have a promising protective effect against DOX-induced cardio toxicity.}, Keywords = {Doxorubicin, Omega-3, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Atorvastatin, Cardiotoxicity}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-72}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1336-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1336-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Asharfpour, Sahand and Pourabdolhossein, Fereshteh and EbrahimTabar, Forough and Ashrafpour, Manouchehr and Navidhamidi, Mojdeh and Shahabi, Sima and Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam and Asgari, Alirez}, title = {High and low temperatures affect rat hippocampal synaptosome’s viability and functions}, abstract ={Introduction: Synaptosomes are sealed particles that contain mitochondria, cytoskeleton and vesicles which are necessary to synaptic events like neurotransmitter release and uptake in the nervous system. However, the effect of high and low temperatures on synaptosome membrane integrity and function during a time course after its extraction is less known. The purpose of this study was to assess synaptosome viability and function at 37, 4°C and room temperature (RT) during 6 hours after its extraction. Methods: Hippocampi of 40 male Wistar rats were used for synaptosome preparation. To ensure synaptosome membrane integrity and function, lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and GABA uptake were assessed during 6 successive hours after their extraction at 37, 4°C and RT. Results: Our results showed that at 37°C, synaptosome membrane integrity was reduced 3 hours but at 4°C and RT, it occurred 5 hours following their extraction. The results of synaptosome function analysis coincide with LDH enzyme assay data, meaning that GABA uptake faced a 50% reduction from the initial value at 37°C after 3 hours and at RT after 5 hours. We also found that GABA uptake was reduced at 4°C in the first hour after extraction because the low temperature inhibits GABA transporters. Conclusion: Synaptosomes preserved their viability and function at RT, 37 and 4°C at least for 3 hours after extraction and reduced over time. For long term application of synaptosomes, it is better to keep them at 4°C.}, Keywords = {Synaptosome, Viability, LDH activity, GABA uptake, Hippocampus}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-81}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1370-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1370-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Izadi, Mina Sadat and Radahmadi, Maryam and Ghasemi, Maedeh and Rayatpour, Atefeh}, title = {The effects of subchronic social and isolation stresses on learning and memory trend in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Psychological stresses influence brain functions such as learning and memory. Environmental factors like types and durations of stress affect brain responsiveness. This study investigated the effects of two subchronic social and isolation stresses on learning, memory, adrenal glands weight and corticosterone levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Methods: Eighteen male rats were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: control, social stress and isolation stress groups. Rats were under stresses for 7 days. Latency of entrance into the dark room was evaluated as brain function, using the passive avoidance test before inducing of electrical shock (as initial latency) and on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after foot shock. In addition, corticosterone levels were measured in the homogenized hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results: The latencies of days 1, 3 and 5 were significantly lower in an isolation stress group than the control group. The latency of day 7 significantly decreased in social and isolation stress groups, compared to the control group. The adrenal glands weight showed significant enhancements in social and isolation stress groups, compared to the control group. Although, the weight of the adrenal glands significantly increased in an isolation stress group, compared to the social stress group. There was a significant enhancement in the corticosterone levels in the hippocampus, but not frontal cortex in isolation stress group. Conclusion: It was concluded that subchronic isolation stress severely deteriorated brain functions (learning and memory) compared to the subchronic social stress. In addition, isolation stress affected corticosterone levels in the hippocampus more than frontal cortex.}, Keywords = {Learning and memory, Social stress, Isolation stress, Adrenal glands, Corticosterone.}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {82-91}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1365-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1365-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Naeimi, Reza and Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam and Kazemi, Sohrab and Ashrafpour, Manouchehr and Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar and Pourabdolhossein, Fereshteh}, title = {Zingiber officinale extract pre-treatment ameliorates astrocytes activation and enhances neuroprotection in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model of epilepsy in mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Recently, herbal medicine is widely used as an alternative and complementary therapy in several neurological disorders such as epilepsy. The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Zingiber officinale or ginger have been well-documented. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of ginger extract pre-treatment on seizures behavior, neuronal density and astrocytes activation in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- induced kindling model. Methods: Kindling model was induced in mice by repetitive administration of PTZ at sub convulsive dose. Hydroalcoholic extract of ginger at doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg were daily injected 10 days before PTZ injections and intraperitoneal administration of extract was continued 1h before each PTZ injection. Immunostaining against NeuN and GFAP as neuronal and astrocyte markers, respectively, was carried out on brain tissue sections. Results: Our data showed that ginger extract pre-treatment, especially at dose of 100 mg/kg, reduced the seizures behavior in PTZ receiving animals. Immunostaining against NeuN biomarker demonstrated that neuronal death was alleviated in animals under treatment of ginger extract. Furthermore, application of ginger extract attenuated the number of GFAP expressing cells in hippocampus of fully-kindled animals. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that ginger pre-treatment exerts significant neuroprotective effect by attenuation of astrocytes activation in PTZ-induced kindling model. It can be concluded that ginger might be used as effective supplementary agent in epileptic patients.}, Keywords = {Kindling, Pentylenetetrazol, Zingiber officinale, Neuroprotection, Astrocytes activation }, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {92-102}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1366-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1366-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Kamalimanesh, Batool and Mohebi, Ehsan and AzhdariZarmehri, Hassan and Shamsizadeh, Ali and Mohammad-Zadeh, Mohamm}, title = {Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of ascorbic acid on a seizure model induced by pentylenetetrazol in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common and chronic neurological disorders. It appears periodically and usually is concomitant with unpredictable seizures due to abnormal discharge of brain neurons. In this study, we investigated the anticonvulsant effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in male rats. Methods: In this study PTZ (37 mg/kg) was injected every other day to induce kindling in male rats. AA (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) was administered into the right lateral ventricle 30 minute before every PTZ injection. The seizure parameters were measured during 30 min after PTZ injection. Results: Administration of 12.5 mg/kg of AA increased stage 4 latency compared to vehicle group. Conversely, 50 mg/kg of AA decreased stage 1 and 2 latency, increased stage 5 duration and decreased number of PTZ injections needed to achieve stage 5 seizure compared to vehicle treated animals. Conclusion: It seems that the AA has dual effects on seizure parameters induced by PTZ. Low doses (12.5 mg/kg) have protective effects while high doses (50 mg/kg) have proconvulsant effects on seizure.}, Keywords = {Ascorbic acid, Epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazole, Rat}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-108}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1353-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1353-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Moghimian, Maryam and Aalami, Somaye and Abtahi-Evari, Seyed-Hosein and Soltani, Malihe}, title = {Effect of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract on morphine withdrawal side effect in male reproductive system should be addressed}, abstract ={Introduction: To study the effect of withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent male rats. Methods: Adult male rats were divided randomly into four groups: control (G1), received morphine (G2), received morphine and treated by clove (G3) and only treated by clove (G4). The rats were administered increasing doses of morphine (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/ml), each dose being administered for two days, and then a dose of 4 mg/ml was given every day for 21 consecutive days. After the last oral dose of morphine on day 21, the rats were treated daily with oral clove (4 mg/ml/kg) for 14 days. Following the treatment, the histological parameters, oxidative stress, LH, FSH and testosterone levels were measured. Results: The histological parameters were not significantly changed. In the morphine group, it was observed that the levels of LH, FSH and testosterone decreased significantly in comparison to the control group and clove treatment could significantly increase the LH, FSH, testosterone, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels in G3 groups. Also, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in the morphine group and treatment with clove could significantly decrease the MDA level in G3 groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that the hormone levels (LH, FSH and testosterone) and antioxidant enzyme increased with the administration of clove after morphine withdrawal. This may be because of the antioxidant effect of clove or the direct effect of this plant on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, or both.}, Keywords = {Syzygium aromaticum, Morphine withdrawal, Testosterone, Antioxidant, Reproductive system}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {109-117}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1369-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1369-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taherianfard, Mahnaz and Karamifard, Mehdi}, title = {Evaluation of the GABAA receptor on pain sensitivity in male rat pretreated with Valeriana officinalis extract using formalin test}, abstract ={Introduction: : It seems that Valeriana officinalis (valerian) extract through gamma-amino-butyric acid A (GABAA) receptor possesses analgesic effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of muscimol and picrotoxin on pain sensitivity in male rats pretreated with valerian extract using the formalin test. Methods: Thirty-five male rats weighing 200-250g in standard temperature 20±2 °C and light cycle of 12/12h used. Animals were randomly divided to 7 groups: sham 1 (injection of saline); sham 2 (pretreated with valerian + ICV injection of artificial cerebro spinal fluid); experimental1 (injection of valerian extract); experimental 2 or 3 (pretreated with valerian extract + ICV injection of muscimol 250 and 500 ng/rat); experimental 4 or 5 (pretreated with valerian extract + ICV injection of picrotoxin 250 and 500 ng/rat). Valerian extract 400 mg/kg was administrated by intraperitoneal injection. Pain evaluation was done by the formalin test. Lateral ventricles cannulated unilaterally by the stereotaxic procedure. Results: Data showed that valerian extract significantly decreased pain sensitivity in the late phase of the formalin test in comparison to sham 1 group. Muscimol in both doses significantly decreased pain in comparison to sham 1, while at the dose of 500 ng/rat significantly increased pain sensitivity in comparison to sham 2 at late phases of formalin test. Picrotoxin at both doses significantly decreased pain sensitivity in comparison to sham 1, while significantly increased pain sensitivity in comparison to the sham 2 at late phases of formalin test. Conclusion: According to present results, valerian extract had analgesic effect through the GABAA receptor.}, Keywords = {Valeriana officinalie, Musciol, Picrotoxin, Pain, Rat}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {118-123}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1356-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1356-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Maedeh and Mehranfard, Nasrin and Alaei, HojjatAllah}, title = {Modulatory effect of ventromedial hypothalamic D2 receptors on leptin and glucose concentration}, abstract ={Introduction: A specific role of dopamine D2 receptor signaling of midbrain and hypothalamic dopaminergic systems has not been yet identified in energy homeostasis. Here, we investigated effects of intra-ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) administration of the D2 receptor agonist (quinpirole) and antagonist (sulpiride) on plasma leptin and glucose levels in fasted rats. Methods: A guide cannula was stereotaxically implanted in the VMH of male Wistar rats (n=6/group). In experiment day, the fasted rats (20-24h) received a recommended dose of D2 receptor agonist (quinpilroe: 0.5μg), antagonist (sulpiride: 0.005μg) and saline (0.5μl) injected into the VMH. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 min after injection, and plasma leptin and glucose were measured by Eliza kit and glucose oxidase method, respectively. Results: Plasma leptin significantly increased in a time dependent manner in quinpirole group compared to control (P<0.01), while sulpiride markedly suppressed it (P<0.001). Increase in glucose levels was time dependently robust in quinpirole group (P<0.00). A significant reduction was observed in glucose levels in sulpiride compared to control group (P<0.05). There was also a negative correlation between glucose and leptin plasma levels in drug-treated rats. Conclusion: These data suggest that altered the VMH D2-mediated neurotransmission might contribute to an alteration in the metabolic phenotype (leptin secretion and plasma glucose level) of rats.}, Keywords = {Dopamine, D2 receptor, Glucose, leptin, Ventromedial nucleus}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {124-132}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1364-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1364-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Samimiat, Alireza and Khosravi, Mohammad Sedigh and Hassanshahi, Jalal and Nematbakhsh, Mehdi}, title = {The effect of AT2 and Mas receptors antagonists on renal hemodynamic and excretory disorders induced by ischemia/reperfusion in male and female rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Renal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) may disturb renin-angiotensin system components. In this study, the effects of Mas receptor (A779) and AT2 receptor (PD123319) antagonists were examined in RIR rats. Methods: Total 60 male and female Wistar rats were assigned into 10 groups (n=6 in each group), including sham-operated group, RIR groups treated with the vehicle, A779, PD123319, or A779+PD123319. The rats were subjected to 30 minutes renal ischemia followed by 75 minutes reperfusion and the vehicle/antagonists were started to infuse 15 minutes after beginning of reperfusion for 60 min. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal perfusion pressure responses to antagonists were assessed. Measurements for kidney function parameters also were performed. All the measurements were made at the end of 60 min vehicle/antagonist infusion. Results: MAP has altered significantly during RIR times (P=0.004), but no significant difference was observed between two genders. The RIR itself in injured rats (compared to sham operated rats) decreased urine flow (UF), creatinine clearance (Ccr), filtrate load of sodium (FNa) and sodium excretion rate (ENa) significantly in both genders (P<0.05). The antagonists infusion caused significant decrease in Ccr and FNa in male and female rats subjected to RIR when compared with vehicle (P<0.05), but the UF decreased significantly (P<0.05) only in PD123319 treated groups; however, there was no significant difference in ENa between the RIR groups in both genders. Conclusion: Our findings showed the importance role of Mas receptor and AT2 receptor on renal function after kidney ischemia/reperfusion in RIR rat model.}, Keywords = {Renal ischemia-reperfusion, Mas receptor, AT2 receptor, Renal Function, Gender }, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {133-140}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1331-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1331-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sathiya, Ramu and Murali, Anita and Anbu, Jayaram}, title = {Diabetes mellitus linked Alzheimer’s disease – A review on sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease}, abstract ={This review mainly deals with scientific data related to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) particularly related to diabetes mellitus (DM). AD is divided into sporadic AD and familial AD. It is known to be the most common cause of dementia. Sporadic form of AD results from multiple etiologic factors including metabolic, environmental and genetic factors. DM linked AD is known to be one of major challenges to health care system in these days. Both type 1 and type 2 DM is strongly related to cognitive impairment and known to be a major risk factor in the development of probable Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, the various mechanisms involved in the development of neuronal degeneration associated with chronic hyperglycaemia are discussed.}, Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, Hyperglycemia }, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {141-145}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1351-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1351-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Afarinesh, Mohammad Reza and Akhtardanesh, Baharak and Haghpanah, Tahereh and Golshan, Fatemeh and Meftahi, Gholam Hossein and Ghanbarpour, Niousha and Fakhri, Ayoob and Sheikhshoaei, Saeed and Sheibani, Vahi}, title = {Urban traffic noise pollution disturbs spatial learning and memory and increases anxiety-like behavior in adult male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Noise pollution is an unwanted inevitable distribution of the modern and industrialized life of mankind. With the expansion of urban life, humans are daily exposed to noise pollution which can cause anxiety and disorders in cognitive activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of sub-chronic urban traffic noise pollution on learning, memory and anxiety-like behavior in adult male rats. Methods: Thirty two adult male Wistar rats (weighing 275-300g) were used in the present experimental study. The animals were divided into two groups: the control and the noise-exposed. The rats in the test group were exposed to a 90dB noise recorded from a crowded street traffic for 6h/10 days. Control rats were intact. Morris water maze (MWM) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to assess spatial learning and memory and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Results: The findings displayed that both control and noise-exposed group improved their maze steering over 4 days of experiment in MWM; however, noise-exposed group had more latency and traveled-distance in MWM to find the hidden platform in probe trial compared to those of control (P<0.05). Moreover, noise-exposed group showed a significant increase in weight gain compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the spent time in open arm of the EPM was significantly decreased compared to controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Urban traffic noise pollution for a short-term period causes a meaningful increase on weight gain, disorders in retrieval memory and increase in anxiety-like behavior in rats.}, Keywords = {Noise pollution, Learning, Anxiety, Male rats}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {146-154}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1360-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1360-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaeili-Mahani, Saeed and Raoof, Maryam and Abbasnejad, Mehdi and Nourzadeh, Mahdieh}, title = {Changes in the levels of hippocampal BDNF expression are accompanied with inflammatory dental pain-induced learning and memory impairment}, abstract ={Introduction: Learning and memory requires a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent phase in the hippocampus. It has been reported that chronic pain decreases hippocampal BDNF levels. We have also previously reported that noxious stimulation of the rat tooth pulp impairs learning and memory. Therefore, we decided to find the changes in the hippocampal BDNF expression which are associated with tooth pain and learning and memory impairment. Methods: Dental pulp nociception was induced by intradental injection of capsaicin (100μg) in male Wistar rats. BDNF expression levels were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. Results: The data indicated that capsaicin elicited pain behaviors and impaired learning and memory in Morris water maze test. The protein and mRNA levels of BDNF were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in capsaicin-treated rats as compared with control animals. Furthermore, iboprofen (120mg/kg, ip) treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) up-regulation of the BDNF protein and mRNA in the hippocampus of capsaicin-injected animals. Conclusion: These findings suggest that inflammatory dental pain induces hippocampal function impairments by decreasing in BDNF expression.}, Keywords = {Dental pain, Learning and memory, Hippocampus, BDNF expression}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {155-162}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1357-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1357-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Moosavi, Maryam and Farrokhi, Majid Reza and Tafreshi, Narges}, title = {The effect of curcumin against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death and Akt/GSK disruption in human neuroblastoma cells}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the continuous deficit of dopaminergic neural cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The natural compounds from plant extracts, such as turmeric, have been proposed as alternative sources for anti-PD drugs. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y is a dopaminergic neuronal cell line used as an in vitro model for the study of dopaminergic cells. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been known to induce cell death in dopaminergic neural cells. Curcumin, as the main ingredient of turmeric, has been shown to protect against some animal models of PD. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential neuroprotective effect of curcumin against the 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and to delineate its effect on Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Methods: The cells were exposed to 6-OHDA with/without different doses of curcumin and their viability was examined via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and morphological observations. According to the MTT results, the protective doses of curcumin (2 and 2.5μM) were selected for further studies. Western blot assay was done to determine the phosphorylated and total amount of Akt and GSK-3β proteins. Results: 6-OHDA induced cell death and declined Akt/GSK-3β phosphorylation, while curcumin co-treatment partially restored these effects. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin protects the SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA-induced cell death and Akt/GSK-3β signaling alteration. Thus, our study indicates that curcumin has a partial cytoprotective effect in dopaminergic cell culture systems.}, Keywords = {Parkinson’s disease, 6-OHDA, SH-SY5Y, Curcumin, Akt, GSK-3β}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {163-171}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1375-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1375-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Talebi, Anis and Rahnema, Mehdi and Bigdeli, Mohammad rez}, title = {The effects of rapamycin on the symptoms of cerebral ischemia due to changing the expression of miR-1 and its target genes, Bad and Bcl-w}, abstract ={Introduction: Stroke is the major cause of long-term disability in adults. The precise role of the mTOR signaling pathway in neural viability due to rapamycin effect in the animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) remained elusive. Since the relationship between mTOR and miR-1, especially in neurons, is unknown, we have evaluated the effect of rapamycin as a post-ischemic treatment on improving stroke symptoms. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups including sham, control and rapamycin treatment group. Each contains four subgroups (n=7). One hour after MCAO, rats were received intravenously 0.1ml normal saline or 0.1ml rapamycin in the control and treatment groups, respectively. After 24 hours, neurologic deficit score, infarct volume, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were measured in the control and treatment group. The expression of miR-1, Bcl-w and Bad were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR in all groups. Results: Our results indicate that post-treatment with rapamycin, significantly reduces neurological deficits, infarct volume, brain edema and BBB permeability. It also decreases the level of miR-1 and Bad expression and increases the level of Bcl-w expression. Conclusion: According to our findings, post-ischemic treatment with rapamycin can be effective in improving symptoms of stroke using changing in the expression of the miR-1 gene and consequently, a changing in the expression of the target genes of this miRNA (i.e., Bad and Bcl-w). In summary, we unravel for the first time a link between mTOR, miRNA-1, Bcl-w and Bad in brain ischemia.}, Keywords = {miR-1 antagomir, Stroke, Bad, Bcl-w, Rapamycin}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {172-182}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1379-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1379-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alipanah, Hiva and Zareian, Parvi}, title = {Anti-cancer properties of the methanol extract of Boswellia serrata gum resin: Cell proliferation arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis in BALB/c mice breast cancer model}, abstract ={Introduction: Boswellia serrata is a medicinal plant with immense potential in combating cancer. Since many cancers therapeutics have their roots in natural products, we investigated the inhibitory effect of B. serrata gum resin alcoholic extract (BSE) on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis in 4T1 breast cancer mouse model. Methods: Cell viability of BSE on triple negative cancer cell line, 4T1, was measured by MTT assay. In the anti-breast cancer study, female BALB/c mice in four groups (n=5) were implanted into the mammary fat pad with 4T1 cells (1×105 cells/0.1 ml) and treated by BSE (50, 150 and 250mg/kg) and distilled water for 21 days. Anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis effects of BSE in tumor tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for Ki-67 and CD31 expression. The metastatic rate was investigated in the liver and lung tissues by histopathological analysis. Results: In in-vitro toxicity study, 4T1 cells line were sensitive to BSE treatment with reduced cell viability. BSE suppression of 4T1 tumor growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by IHC analysis for Ki-67 expression. Analyses of the vasculature in the tumor tissues indicated smaller vessel area in BSE250 group compared to control tumors based on IHC for angiogenesis marker CD31. BSE only significantly decreased the metastatic rate in the lung tissue. Conclusion: From the outcome of our investigation, it is possible to conclude that BSE induces cell-specific cytotoxicity and suppresses cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis rate in breast cancer cells and can be effective for advanced breast cancer.}, Keywords = {Boswellia serrata, Cell proliferation, Cytotoxicity, Tumor Growth, Breast Cancer}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {183-194}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1400-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1400-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khodavandi, Alireza and Alizadeh, Fahimeh and Khezrian, Fatemeh}, title = {Inhibition of Candida albicans yeast– hyphal transition by combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B}, abstract ={Introduction: Candidiasis represents a major threat to the life and health in immune-compromised individuals. The number of antifungal drugs is limited for the treatment of candidiasis. Combination therapy is one of the most frequently used techniques to alleviate this problem. Methods: Clinical isolates of Candida albicans were obtained from the immune-compromised patients. Antifungal susceptibilities to fluconazole and amphotericin B alone and in combination were performed by broth microdilution method. Eventually direct microscopic observation, time-kill kinetic assay, biomass and metabolic activity of the hypha, Sap enzyme activity and expression of SAP3 gene were carried out in C. albicans. Results: Combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B demonstrated synergistic and partial synergistic effects with fractional inhibitory concentration index ranged from 0.031 to 0.75. The data indicated that combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B exerted antifungal effects through reducing time-kill kinetic, yeast– hyphal transition, biomass and metabolic activity of the hypha and Sap enzyme activity in C. albicans. Additionally, the expression levels of the SAP3 gene were significantly down regulated (P<0.001) in C. albicans treated with combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B. Conclusion: Taken together, these events may confirm the potential uses of combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B against C. albicans. The results suggest that SAP3 gene could be probable target of synergistic interaction of fluconazole and amphotericin B in C. albicans.}, Keywords = {Amphotericin B, Candida albicans, Fluconazole, SAP3}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {195-204}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1352-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1352-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sheykhsaran, Elham and BannazadehBaghi, Hossein and SoroushBarhaghi, Mohammad Hossein and Alizadeh, Naser and Memar, Mohammad Yousef and Etemadi, Shima and Ghotaslou, Rez}, title = {The rate of resistance to tetracyclines and distribution of tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetJ and tetY genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Azerbaijan, Iran during 2017}, abstract ={Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae are the heterogeneous group of Gram-negative bacteria, which cause different infections. The incidence of resistance to antibiotics among the Enterobacteriaceae is growing. This study investigated antibiotic resistance features and tetracycline resistance genes distribution in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Hospitals of Azerbaijan, Iran. Methods: The disc diffusion agar and agar dilution methods were used for assessment of antibiotics susceptibility patterns and minimum inhibitory concentration determination of tetracycline and minocycline. To detect eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetJ, and tetY), the PCR was performed in tetracycline-resistant isolates. Results: The resistance rate to tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, and tigecycline by the disc diffusion agar method were 58.8%, 24%, 43.6% and 0.4%, respectively. Fifty-one (20.4%) isolates were multiple drugs resistant. The minimum inhibitory concentration results showed 52% resistance to tetracycline and 22% for minocycline. The percentage of tet genes distribution was tetA (14.4%), tetB (18.4%), tetC (2%) and tetD (4.4%). However, tetE, tetG, tetJ and tetY genes were not detected in the present study. Conclusion: There is a moderate-high resistance rate to tetracycline among Enterobacteriaceae in Azerbaijan. The most effective antibiotic against Enterobacteriaceae was tigecycline followed by fosfomycin, imipenem and meropenem. The tet genes family especially tetA and tetB were prevalent among tetracycline-resistant isolates.}, Keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Tetracyclines, Suceptibility patterns, tet genes}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {205-212}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1372-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1372-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fayyazi, Seyed Mohsen and Taghizadeh, Mehrdad and Nabizadeh-Gharghozar, Zohreh and Javadzadeh, Hamidreza and Mahmudi, Sadrollah and Heidari, Kamr}, title = {Effectiveness of intravenous promethazine and diazepam in the treatment of peripheral vertigo in emergency department visits}, abstract ={Introduction: To improve our understanding of dizziness, its assessment, as well as its management to identify the appropriate treatment in order to reduce the costs and to increase the patients’ quality of life. Methods: A single blind parallel group randomized controlled trial was conducted on 164 participants with dizziness. One group received 25mg/ml promethazine and another received 5mg/ml diazepam. To assess the severity of dizziness, Visual Analog Scale was used prior to and two hours after treatment. Results: Both promethazine and diazepam had significant effects on decreasing the severity of dizziness, i.e. the severity score decreased from 9.31 to 1.81 in promethazine versus 9.33 to 4.50 in diazepam (P<0.001). Conclusion: A single IV dose of promethazine is more effective in reducing vertigo as compared with diazepam.}, Keywords = {Diazepam, Dizziness, Promethazine, Vertigo, Vestibular}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {213-218}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1395-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1395-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Davoudzadeh, Fatemeh and Babaei, Parvin and Jafari, Adele}, title = {Mespilus germanica leaves flavonoids improve passive avoidance memory and apoptosis in a rat model of amyloid-β neurotoxicity}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with no preventive or curative therapy until now. Use of natural products as an important source of neuroprotective flavonoids against AD has been considered recently. In this study, the effect of Mespilus germanica leaves (MGL) flavonoids treatment on memory dysfunction and apoptosis in the amyloid beta (Aβ)-treated rat was investigated. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats (220-250g) were divided into 6 groups (n=8): saline, Aβ, treatment (5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg MGL flavonoids) and positive control group. Step through the passive avoidance test was performed on the 22nd day to examine learning and memory. Immediately afterward, the animals were killed and their brains were removed to measure the levels of cytochrome c in brain homogenate. Results: Our results showed significant improvement in passive avoidance task as flavonoid (10mg/kg) increased step-through latency (P=0.003) and decreased the time spent in dark compartment (P=0.001) significantly. In addition, the levels of cytochrome c which was significantly increased in the Aβ-injected group was reduced remarkably in the flavonoid treatment group (P=0.029). Conclusion: Therefore, MGL flavonoid can improve Aβ1-42 induced memory dysfunction in rats and its effect might be partially due to their role in decreasing apoptosis.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer’s disease, Amyloid beta, Flavonoids, Passive avoidance, Cytochrome c, Mespilus germanica}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {219-227}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1405-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1405-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Meysam and Shahabi, Parviz and Ebrahimi-kalan, Abass and Soltani-Zangbar, Hamid and Mahmoudi, Javad and Bani, Soheila and Sadeghzadeh-Oskouei, Behnaz and Rafiee-Byraami, Yusef and Salimi, Omi}, title = {Induction of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury models in rat using a modified impactor device}, abstract ={Introduction: The use of standard rodent model, allows for the understanding of neuronal injury physiopathology and helping development of therapeutic strategies. Because of eliminating technical problems, we designed a modified impactor device with ability to induce different degrees according to kilodyne from very mild to very severe of spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) models in rat. Methods: For standardization and determining of optimal performance of the device to induce varying injuries, 47 adult male Wistar rats were used, and 8 different forces were applied in spinal cord and brain tissues. Results: The hematoxylin and eosin and 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) results demonstrated that by increasing the level of forces, histological changes in the spinal cord and brain were significantly enhanced. Different injuries had significant effect on the Basso-Beattie-Brenham and elevated body swing test outcomes, and there were significant differences between groups in comparison with control group. Conclusion: Our results showed that the modified device could be valid to produce precise SCI and TBI models, goal to replicate SCI and TBI in humans as much as possible. However, it might be considered that aspects of SCI and TBI models are complicate and more examination is necessary.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Traumatic brain injury, Modified impactor.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {228-239}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1410-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1410-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ehsani, Simin and Akbari, Esmaeil and RouhiArdeshiri, Motahareh}, title = {The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of insulin on memory impairment-induced by scopolamine in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Cholinergic neuronal deficiency is one of the main causes of Alzheimer's pathology, which leads to learning and memory impairment. Scopolamine is a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist commonly used to induce Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin also regulates learning and memory function. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of central administration of insulin on passive avoidance learning. Methods: In this experiment, fifty-nine rats were divided into 6 groups: (1) intact, (2) sham, (3) scopolamine-saline, (4) scopolamine-insulin4, (5) scopolamine-insulin8 and (6) scopolamine-insulin16. In addition, scopolamine (70nmol/2μl) was injected into the right lateral ventricle, before the retrieval test of the inhibitory avoidance task. Then the effects of three doses of insulin (4, 8 or 16 mU/2μl) were investigated on the passive avoidance learning in an amnestic model induced by scopolamine. Results: Our results indicate that the retrieval of passive avoidance memory was significantly improved by intracerebroventricular administration of insulin in 4 and 8 mU/2μl doses but not in 16 mU/2μl. Conclusion: These results confirmed that insulin could improve the retrieval phase of passive avoidance memory that was impaired by scopolamine.}, Keywords = {Insulin, Scopolamine, Learning, Memory, Passive avoidance learning}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {240-246}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1413-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1413-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taherianfard, Mahnaz and Farhangdareshuri, Foroohar and Shomali, Tahoor}, title = {Interactive effect of aqueous-alcoholic extract of ginger as well as GABAA receptor agonist and antagonist on pain sensitivity in male rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Ginger has shown anti-nociceptive effects. Here we investigated the possible involvement of GABAA receptors in anti-nociceptive effect of ginger using muscimol (GABAA agonist) and picrotoxin (GABAA antagonist) in rats that received ginger. The pain sensitivity was evaluated by formalin test. Methods: Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=5): sham1 (received distilled water. PO); sham2 (received water + 0.75μl artificial cerebrospinal fluid by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection; experimental1 (received ginger at 50 mg/kg/day, PO); experimental2 and 3 (received ginger+ 0.75μl of 250 or 500ng/rat muscimol by ICV injection); experimental4 and 5 (received ginger+ 0.75μl of 250 and 500ng/rat picrotoxin by ICV injection). On day 16 and 30min after ICV injections, formalin test was performed on all rats. Results: Ginger significantly reduced pain sensitivity in both phases of formalin test in comparison to sham1 and 2. In early and late phase, both doses of muscimol reduced pain sensitivity as compared to the ginger group. Picrotoxin at 250ng/rat+ ginger reduced pain sensitivity as compared to the group that received ginger, in both the early and the late phases of the formalin test. Picrotoxin at 500ng/rat+ ginger increased pain sensitivity in the early phase and late phase of formalin test as compared to the ginger group. Conclusion: Aqueous- alcoholic extract of ginger has significant analgesic effects in late phase of formalin test and GABAA receptors may be involved in this regard.}, Keywords = {Ginger, Muscimol, Picrotoxin, Pain sensitivity, Rat.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {247-253}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1408-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1408-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khani, Fatemeh and Radahmadi, Maryam and Alaei, Hojjatallah and Jafari, Elahe}, title = {Effects of crocin on cognitive and spatial memories in rats under chronic isolation stress}, abstract ={Introduction: Certain types of chronic mental stress impair memory. On the other hand, crocin is introduced in the medical literature as an effective component of saffron with remedial effects on memory impairment. This study investigated the effects of crocin on spatial and cognitive memories, locomotor activity, novel recognition conditions and serum corticosterone levels in rats under chronic isolation stress. Methods: Male rats were randomly allocated to the five groups of control, sham, isolation stress (St.I), St.I-C30 and St.I-C60. The latter two groups were exposed to chronic isolation stress (6h/day) receiving two levels of crocin (30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively) over a period of 21 days. The object location and novel object recognition tests (OLT and NOR) were used to evaluate spatial and cognitive memories, respectively. Results: The OLT results revealed that chronic isolation stress led to significantly decreased locomotor activity in all the stressed groups; the NOR test, however, yielded similar results only in the St.I group. Moreover, isolation stress was found to lead significant declines in spatial and cognitive memories. Finally, crocin administration led to improvements in impaired memory in St.I-C30 and St.I-C60 groups. There were significant enhancements in serum corticosterone levels in the St.I and St.I-C30 groups as compared with the control group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that spatial and cognitive memory impairments are strongly affected by isolation stress and crocin especially at its high dose of 60 mg/kg, exhibits better protective effects against cognitive memory deficit induced by chronic isolation stress.}, Keywords = {Crocin, Memory, Isolation stress, Rat}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {254-268}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1401-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1401-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {EntezariHeravi, Nazanin and Mohebbati, Reza and NajiEbrahimi, Zohreh and KhajaviRad, Abolfazl and Shafei, Mohammad Naser and Soukhtanloo, Mohammad and Beheshti, Farimah and Hosseinian, Sar}, title = {Effect of Plantago major extract on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in rat}, abstract ={Introduction: Nephropathy is defined as rational loss of renal function related with glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in nephropathy. Plantago major has antioxidant effects. The aim of present study is the investigation of the effect of Plantago major hydro-alcoholic extract on the oxidative stress and renal function in kidney of rat. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups: control (Co), doxorubicin (DOX), doxorubicin+vitamin E (DOX+Vit E), 600mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM600+DOX), 1200mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM1200+DOX). DOX (5mg/kg, IV), Vit E and PM extract (600 and 1200mg/kg, PO) were administrated for 35 days. Finally, urine, blood samples and renal tissue were collected to measurement of redox markers, functional parameters and renal index percentage. Results: The renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total thiol and functional parameters significantly reduced and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased in DOX group in comparison with control group. The renal SOD, catalase activities and total thiol content were significantly increased and MDA level decreased in PM treated groups along with DOX group in comparison with DOX group. The functional parameters significantly enhanced in treated groups with PM in comparison with the DOX group. The extract did not relive enhanced % renal index induced by DOX. Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of PM, specially at its high dose led to an improvement in DOX-induced renal function and oxidative stress.}, Keywords = {Doxorubicin, Plantago major, Oxidative stress, Renal function}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {269-278}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1376-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1376-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hosseinnezhad, Mohsen and Jamhiri, Mohabbat and Hafizibarjin, Zeinab and Safari, Fatemeh}, title = {Dynamic changes of hemodynamic parameters and cardiac transcription of sirtuins in adaptive and mal-adaptive phases of pressure overload-induced hypertrophy in rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate the structural and hemodynamic changes as well as cardiac transcriptional profile of the key regulatory proteins, sirtuins family (SIRT1-7), in adaptive and mal-adaptive phases of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Methods: LVH was induced in male Wistar rats (190±20g) by abdominal aortic banding. The third and sixteenth weeks post-surgery were considered as adaptive and mal-adaptive phases of hypertrophy (H3w and H16w groups, respectively). Blood pressure (BP) was recorded through the carotid artery catheter. Cell area and fibrosis were assessed using haematoxylin/eosin and Masson trichrome staining, respectively. The sirtuins mRNA levels were quantified using quantitative RT–PCR technique. Results: H3w rats had a higher systolic and diastolic BP, cardiomyocytes area and heart to body weight ratio (HW/BW) compared with control (intact animals). Although cell size and HW/BW increased in the H16w group, systolic and diastolic BP did not change significantly in comparison with control. In H3w group, SIRT1/3/6/7 mRNAs levels increased significantly. In H16w group, SIRT1/3/5/6/7 mRNAs levels declined in comparison with H3w group. SIRT2 and SIRT4 mRNA levels did not change significantly among the experimental groups. Conclusion: During progression of cardiac hypertrophy transcriptional profile of sirtuins changes in parallel to structural and hemodynamic parameters. Therefore, it can validate sirtuins as the pharmacological targets for the treatment of pathological LVH.}, Keywords = {Hypertension, LVH, Adaptive hypertrophy, Mal-adaptive hypertrophy, Sirtuins 1-7}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {279-291}, publisher = {Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology}, url = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1409-en.html}, eprint = {http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1409-en.pdf}, journal = {Physiology and Pharmacology}, issn = {24765236}, eissn = {24765244}, year = {2018} }