OTHERS_CITABLE Spinal and supraspinal analgesic effects of Nimodipine : The role of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal(HPA) axis . Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear that this analgesic effect is at the level of spinal or supraspinal pain pathway. In addition, it has been reported that the analgesic effect of nifedipine, another L-type calcium channel blocker is related to the HPA axis, but there is no report indicating the role of this axis in the analgesic effect of nimodipine. Methods: Analgesia was measured by tail-flick (TF) test involving spinal reflexes and by hot-plate (HP) requiring an intact central nervous system. Assays were done before and 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug administration in the intact, sham operated and adrenalectomized rats. To identify the interaction between nimodipine and HPA axis, plasma corticosterone level was measured using the radioimmunoassay. Results: Nimodipine significantly decreased the plasma corticosterone level, and showed significant antinociception in both tests. Adrenalectomy potentiated the analgesic effect of nimodipine which was reversed by corticosterone replacement. Furthermore, nimodipine analgesic effect in ADX rats was more potent in HP test (compared to TF test). Nimodipine, at mentioned doses, did not alter animal’s movement indices in activity monitoring test. Conclusion: Nimodipine involves both spinal and supraspinal sites to control thermal pain transmission in presence of adrenal gland. It seems that there is a mutual interaction between nimodipine and HPA axis, especially at supraspinal levels. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf 2014-05-15 160 166 Nimodipine Analgesia HPA axis Corticosterone Adrenalectomy Rat mojtaba dolatshahi-somesofla mojtabadolatshahi@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR fereshteh motamedi motamedi@ams.ac.ir 2 AUTHOR abolhasan ahmadiani 3 AUTHOR saeed esmaili-mahani 4 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The role of adenosine A1 receptors on post seizure depression period in rats Epilepsy is among the most common disorders of the central nervous system and there is not an absolute method for its treatment. It has been shown that each seizure has a depressing effect on the following seizure. Thus, finding the mechanisms responsible in this phenomenon can improve our knowledge toward new ways for epilepsy treatment. In this study, the role of adenosine A1 receptors in post seizure depressing period was investigated in amygdala kindling model of epilepsy. Methods: Rats were kindled by daily electrical stimulation of amygdala. At first, different groups of kindled animals were stimulated at different times after the first stimulation and the percent of suppression of seizure parameters were calculated. Then, 8-cyclopenthyl-1, 3-dimethylxanthine (CPT), a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (50 and 200 μM) were intracerebroventricularly microinjected before the second stimulation and its effect on percent of suppression induced by the first stimulation was investigated. Results: In the second stimulation, applied at 10 and 30 min after the first stimulation, the seizure parameters were significantly reduced. CPT microinjection (50 and 200 μM) significantly decreased the percent of suppression of seizure parameters. This decrease was significant at 10 and 30 min after the first stimulation with compare to the groups received the drug solvent. Conclusion: Obtained results showed that endogenous adenosine has a role in post seizure depression period through A1 receptors. As the blocking of A1 receptors by CPT could not completely prevent this period, other factors may also play role in this suppression. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf 2014-05-15 174 181 Epilepsy; Kindling; Post seizure suppression; Adenosine Tahereh Zeinali 1 Shaheed Bahonar University AUTHOR Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh 2 Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR Vahid Sheibani 3 Kerman Neuroscience research Centre AUTHOR Mohammad eza Palizvan 4 Arak University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR Mehdi Abbasnejad 5 Shaheed Bahonar University AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Cholinergic Differentiation of neural precursor cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells increased by Shh, LIF and RA http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-243-fa.pdf 2014-05-15 192 198 Cholinergic Differentiation of neural precursor cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells increased by Shh, LIF and RA Introduction Cholinergic system is one of the important systems of mammalian CNS. Cholinergic neurons distributed in brain and spinal cord and contributed to principal functions like: consciousness, learning and memory, and motor control. In this study we investigated the differentiation potentiality of mouse embryonic stem cells toward cholinergic neurons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sonic hedgehog (Shh), Retinoic Acid (RA), LIF, IL6 and NGF on differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), produced by lineage selection method, to cholinergic neurons. Material and methods Royan B1, mouse embryonic stem cells derived from C57BL/6 strain was used to produce aggregates. Aggregates were cultured in serum free medium to produce nestin positive or NPCs, then cell expansion was achieved by treatment with EGF and FGF2. Following withdrawal of EGF and FGF2, the cells were further cultured in presence or absence of differentiation factors in serum containing medium. Relative number of neurons and cholinergic neurons were assessed by immunohistochemical procedure using antibodies against MAP2, B-tubulin3, and ChAT. Results Data obtained show that around 70% of cells were B-tubulin3 positive. We found ChAT immunoreactivity in cultured cells in both treated and control groups. Conclusion This study shows that some of the neurons produced by lineage selection method are cholinergic neurons, and the percentage of cholinergic neurons increased after treatment by Shh, LIF and RA. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf 2014-05-15 192 198 Embryonic stem cells Neuron Cholinergic Differentiation Farshad Homayouni Moghadam f_homayounim@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Hojatoallah Alaie alaei@med.mui.ac.ir 2 AUTHOR Khadije Karbalaie 3 AUTHOR Somayeh Tanhaei 4 AUTHOR Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani mh_masr@med.mui.ac.ir 5 AUTHOR Hossein Baharvand baharvand50@yahoo.com 6 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Effect of aerobic moderate exercise intensity on plasma and aorta homocysteine and 15-F21-isoprostane concentrations in high cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis. Few studies have investigated the effect of exercise on homocysteine and 15-F21-isoprostane in animal models. The present study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exercise and/ or high cholesterol diet on MDA, 15-F21-isoprostane and total homocysteine in the aorta and plasma of rabbits. Methods: 56 male rabbits were divided into four groups: normal diet (control), normal diet with exercise, high-cholesterol diet without exercise and high cholesterol diet with exercise. Animals of exercise groups ran on a treadmill at 0.88 km/h for 7.5 –90 min/day (5 days/week) for 12 weeks. At the end of exercise protocol, blood samples were collected and tHcy, 15-F21-isoprostane were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits. MDA levels were determined by the thiobarbituric acid assay. Thoracic aorta was isolated to evaluate atherosclerosis as well as tHcy, 15-F21-isoprostane and MDA levels. Results: Exercise reduced atherogenic diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions in aorta along with positive changes in plasma cholesterol profile. Atherogenic diet significantly increased plasma and aorta concentrations of MDA and tHcy. Exercise significantly reduced diet-increased plasma and aorta concentrations of 15-F21-isoprostane and tHcy in normal animals. MDA levels did not show significant change due to exercise and/or high cholesterol diet feeding. There was a positive correlation among plasma cholesterol, homocysteine and 15-F21-isoprostane in exercised groups compared with control. Conclusion: Our results suggest that elevated homocysteine level can be considered as one of the multiple risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, exercise may effectively reduce plasma and aorta homocysteine and 15-F21-isoprostane and may be effective in prevention and attenuation of atherosclerosis. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf 2014-05-15 199 207 Exercise Homocysteine 15-F21-isoprostane Malondialdehyde Atherosclerosis Mohsen Alipour alipourmohse@yahoo.co, 1 Zums AUTHOR Davood Sohrabi sohrabidavood@yahoo.com 2 Zums AUTHOR Feridoun Hydarpour Rasoulzadieh@yahoo.com 3 Zums AUTHOR Ramazan Falah ramazanfalah@yahoo.com 4 Zums AUTHOR Mustafa Mohammadi mohammain@yahoo.com 5 TUMs AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Study on the effect of neuroprotective prolonged and intermittent normobaric hyperoxia on serum level of TNF-α and glutamate transporters expression in rat brain Introduction: Prolonged and intermittent oxygen pre-exposure is associated with protection against ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury. In the current study, attempts were made to investigate the relationship between exposure to prolonged and intermittent normobaric hyperoxia (NBHO) and expression of excitatory amino acids transporters (EAATs) and TNF-α level. Method: Rats were divided into four main experimental groups, each of 21 animals. The first two were exposed to 95% inspired NBHO 4 h/day for 6 consecutive days (intermittent NBHO) or for 24 continuous hours (prolonged NBHO). The second two groups considered as controls and were exposed to 21% oxygen in the same chamber (normobaric normoxia, NBNO). Each main group was subdivided to MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), sham-operated (without MCAO) and intact (without any surgery) subgroups. After 24h, MCAO subgroups were subjected to 60 min of right MCAO. After 24 h reperfusion, neurologic deficit scores (NDS) were assessed in MCAO-operated subgroups. Immediately and 48 h after pretreatment, blood sampling were done for assessing level of serum TNF-α. The effect of intermittent and prolonged NBHO on EAATs expression level was also measured using western blotting. Result: Preconditioning with prolonged and intermittent NBHO decreased NDS and up-regulated EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3, significantly. Also, oxygen exposure of prolonged and intermittent NBHO increased the level of serum TNF-α. Conclusion: Although further studies are needed to clarify the protective mechanisms OF hyperoxia, the intermittent and prolonged NBHO seems to partly exert their effects via increasing the serum level of TNF-α and upregulation of glutamate transporters. However, the intermittent NBHO seems to have appropriate effects with low toxicity. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf 2014-05-15 208 217 Normobaric Hyperoxia Brain ischemic tolerance Stroke Neuroprotection Glutamate transporter TNF-α Rat mohammad Reza Bigdeli bigdelimohammadreza@yahoo.com 1 Tabiat Modares University AUTHOR sohrab Hajizadeh hajizads@modares.ac.ir 2 Tabiat Modares University AUTHOR Mehdi Frouzandeh 3 Tabiat Modares University AUTHOR ali khoshbaten 4 Baqiatallah Medical Sciences University AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The effect of cutaneous mechanical stimulations of lateral plantar surface on the excitability of ipsilateral and contralateral motoneurons Mechanoreceptors of foot sole likely contribute in the reflex regulations. Stimulation of these receptors in the lateral aspect of the foot is corresponded to the lateral plantar division of the tibial nerve. Therefore, it was hypothesized that repetitive low threshold afferents stimulation would have an inhibitory effect on the soleus H-reflexes. Methods: Sixteen normal subjects voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly allocated. Subjects were remained in prone position. The cutaneous mechanical pressure (CMP) equal to 50% of leg and foot weight was applied to the ipsilateral lateral plantar surface using a special instrument through a square plate (30x30 mm). H reflexes as indicator for excitability of motoneurones was bilaterally elicited before and after the application of the CMP and the Hreflex parameters were measured. Results: The amplitude of H reflex and H/M ratio showed significant differences before and after the ipsilateral CMP stimulation of the lateral side of the foot (p<0.05 p<0.05, respectively decreased). Furthermore, the latencies of H reflexes were also increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results highlight the modulatory effects of natural stimulation of cutaneous afferents on excitability of ipsilateral and contralateral motoneurones. This in respect may have practical application in the management of muscle tone disorders following brain and spinal cord injuries. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-244-en.pdf 2014-05-15 218 227 H-reflex Mechanical stimulation Lateral plantar nerve Motorneuron excitability Human Andisheh Bastani andisheh_bas@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR mohammad reza hadian hadian_ras@yahoo.com 2 AUTHOR saeed talebian 3 AUTHOR golamreza olyaie 4 AUTHOR hossein bagheri 5 AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The effect of nimesulide on CoxII expression in central and peripheral immune cells (microglia and macrophage) in a rat model of neuropathic pain Introduction: Neuropathic pain may be due to a primary insult to the peripheral or central nervous system. In this situation, Hyperalgesia and Allodynia are the results of prostaglandins and cytokines release in the spinal cord. It seems that immune cells play an importat role in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. Compared to selective CoxII inhibitors, nimesulide, a highly selective CoxII inhibitor, effectively reduced hyperalgesia due to peripherally administration of inflammatory agents like formalin. In this study we investigate the effect of nimesulide on pain behavior and CoxII expression in macrophage and microglial cells in neuropathic pain condition. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=6, 150-200 g) using Bennet & Xie model of neuropathic pain were divided in different groups:1- CCI saline 2- Sham saline (control), 3- CCI drugs.Nimesulide 1.25,2.5and 5mg/kg were used. 42 º C water for thermal hyperalgesia and Von Frey Filaments for mechanical allodynia, respectively, were used as pain behaviour tests. Experiments were performed on day before and 1,3,5,7,10,14days post injury. At day 14 rats who received nimesulide 5 mg/kg were killed and CoxII was assessed in macrophages and microglial cells. ANOVA and T-test were used for statistical analysis and % of SD control was used for enzyme expression. Results: Nimesulide 2.5,5mg/kg reduced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Nimesulide 5mg/kg also reduced CoxII expression in macrophages and microglial cells compared to CCIsaline group. Conclusion: Nimesulide reduced hyperalgesia due to nerve inflammation. CoxII- induced PGs activates a wide range of immune cells like macrophages and microglia. It seems that nimesulide a highly selective Cox2 inhibitor can reduce effectively chronic inflammatory pain. َ http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-262-en.pdf 2014-05-15 228 237 Nimesulide neuropathic pain hyperalgesia allodynia CoxII Taraneh Moini Zanjani tzanjani@yahoo.com 1 Assistant Professor AUTHOR Seyed Naser Ostad ostadnas@sina.tums.ac.ir 2 Professor AUTHOR Nariman Mosaffa mosaffan@yahoo.com 3 Professor AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Protective effect of natural honey applied during ischemia and reperfusion on infarct size in ischemic heartheart Introduction: In the current study, protective effect of natural honey applied during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was studied on infarct size in ischemic heartheart. Methods: Ischemic hearthearts (n=8 per group) were mounted on a Langendorff apparatus at constant pressure then subjected to 30 min regional ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. In control group, the hearts were perfused by a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution throughout the experiment, however, in the test groups they were perfused by Krebs solution enriched by natural honey (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1%). At the end of reperfusion, the infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and computerized planimetry methods. Results: The results showed that perfusion of ischemic hearthearts with natural honey produces significant reduction in infarct size and volume of infracted tissue. In the control group, infarct size was 45.6±3.4%, while honey (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1%) reduced it to 14.8±5.1 (p<0.001), 24.6±7.3 (p<0.01), 31.4±7.3 (p0.05), respectively. In addition, infracted volume was lowered from 229±22mm3 (control) to 78±26 (p<0.001), 120±30 (p<0.01), 160±31 (p0.05), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed protective effects of natural honey against I/R injuries as reduction of infarct size. Probably, antioxidant activity of honey, scavenging of free radicals and presence of energy sources such as glucose are involved in its cardioprotective effect. Lower honey concentration seems to be more effective. http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-297-en.pdf 2014-05-15 238 243 Natural honey Infarct size Ischemia/Reperfusion Isolated heart Rat Moslem Najafi najafimoslem@yahoo.com 1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR Afshin Gharakhani 2 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR Hamed Ghavemi 3 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR Tahereh Eteraf Oskouei 4 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR