Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
Diabetes mellitus linked Alzheimer’s disease – A review on sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease
141
145
EN
Ramu
Sathiya
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
sathiya.pg.ph@msruas.ac.in
Y
0000-0003-3474-7033
Anita
Murali
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
anitamurali.pg.ph@msruas.ac.in
N
0000-0001-5385-5290
Jayaraman
Anbu
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
anbu.pg.ph@msruas.ac.in
N
0000-0001-7721-0311
This review mainly deals with scientific data related to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) particularly related to diabetes mellitus (DM). AD is divided into sporadic AD and familial AD. It is known to be the most common cause of dementia. Sporadic form of AD results from multiple etiologic factors including metabolic, environmental and genetic factors. DM linked AD is known to be one of major challenges to health care system in these days. Both type 1 and type 2 DM is strongly related to cognitive impairment and known to be a major risk factor in the development of probable Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, the various mechanisms involved in the development of neuronal degeneration associated with chronic hyperglycaemia are discussed.
Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, Hyperglycemia
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1351-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1351-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
Urban traffic noise pollution disturbs spatial learning and memory and increases anxiety-like behavior in adult male rats
146
154
EN
Mohammad Reza
Afarinesh
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
r.afarinesh@kmu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-5122-9920
Baharak
Akhtardanesh
Clinical Science Department, Veterinary Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
B.akhtardanesh@mail.uk.ac.ir
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Tahereh
Haghpanah
Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
t.haghpah@kmu.ac.ir
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Fatemeh
Golshan
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
faly.golshan@gmail.com
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Gholam Hossein
Meftahi
Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
hossein.meftahi@bmsu.ac.ir
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Niousha
Ghanbarpour
National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents, School For Gifted Students, Education Department, Part 1
N.ghanbarpour@gmail.com
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Ayoob
Fakhri
Clinical Science Department, Veterinary Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
ayoobfakhri@gmail.com
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Saeed
Sheikhshoaei
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
shoaeesaeed@yahoo.com
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Vahid
Sheibani
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
v.sheibani@kmu.ac.ir
N
0000-0000-0000-0000
Introduction: Noise pollution is an unwanted inevitable distribution of the modern and industrialized life of mankind. With the expansion of urban life, humans are daily exposed to noise pollution which can cause anxiety and disorders in cognitive activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of sub-chronic urban traffic noise pollution on learning, memory and anxiety-like behavior in adult male rats. Methods: Thirty two adult male Wistar rats (weighing 275-300g) were used in the present experimental study. The animals were divided into two groups: the control and the noise-exposed. The rats in the test group were exposed to a 90dB noise recorded from a crowded street traffic for 6h/10 days. Control rats were intact. Morris water maze (MWM) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to assess spatial learning and memory and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Results: The findings displayed that both control and noise-exposed group improved their maze steering over 4 days of experiment in MWM; however, noise-exposed group had more latency and traveled-distance in MWM to find the hidden platform in probe trial compared to those of control (P<0.05). Moreover, noise-exposed group showed a significant increase in weight gain compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the spent time in open arm of the EPM was significantly decreased compared to controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Urban traffic noise pollution for a short-term period causes a meaningful increase on weight gain, disorders in retrieval memory and increase in anxiety-like behavior in rats.
Noise pollution, Learning, Anxiety, Male rats
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1360-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1360-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
Changes in the levels of hippocampal BDNF expression are accompanied with inflammatory dental pain-induced learning and memory impairment
155
162
EN
Saeed
Esmaeili-Mahani
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
semahani@uk.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-5550-9806
Maryam
Raoof
Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
mraoof@kmu.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-2628-2136
Mehdi
Abbasnejad
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
mabbas@uk.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-2451-3456
Mahdieh
Nourzadeh
Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
m_nourzadeh@sbmu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-9853-7073
Introduction: Learning and memory requires a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent phase in the hippocampus. It has been reported that chronic pain decreases hippocampal BDNF levels. We have also previously reported that noxious stimulation of the rat tooth pulp impairs learning and memory. Therefore, we decided to find the changes in the hippocampal BDNF expression which are associated with tooth pain and learning and memory impairment. Methods: Dental pulp nociception was induced by intradental injection of capsaicin (100μg) in male Wistar rats. BDNF expression levels were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. Results: The data indicated that capsaicin elicited pain behaviors and impaired learning and memory in Morris water maze test. The protein and mRNA levels of BDNF were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in capsaicin-treated rats as compared with control animals. Furthermore, iboprofen (120mg/kg, ip) treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) up-regulation of the BDNF protein and mRNA in the hippocampus of capsaicin-injected animals. Conclusion: These findings suggest that inflammatory dental pain induces hippocampal function impairments by decreasing in BDNF expression.
Dental pain, Learning and memory, Hippocampus, BDNF expression
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1357-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1357-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
The effect of curcumin against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death and Akt/GSK disruption in human neuroblastoma cells
163
171
EN
Maryam
Moosavi
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
marmoosavi@sums.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-6943-477x
Majid Reza
Farrokhi
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
farokhim@sums.ac.ir
N
0000-0003-1252-3215
Narges
Tafreshi
Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
Narges.Tafreshi@moffitt.org
N
0000-0002-2680-319x
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the continuous deficit of dopaminergic neural cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The natural compounds from plant extracts, such as turmeric, have been proposed as alternative sources for anti-PD drugs. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y is a dopaminergic neuronal cell line used as an in vitro model for the study of dopaminergic cells. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been known to induce cell death in dopaminergic neural cells. Curcumin, as the main ingredient of turmeric, has been shown to protect against some animal models of PD. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential neuroprotective effect of curcumin against the 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and to delineate its effect on Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Methods: The cells were exposed to 6-OHDA with/without different doses of curcumin and their viability was examined via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and morphological observations. According to the MTT results, the protective doses of curcumin (2 and 2.5μM) were selected for further studies. Western blot assay was done to determine the phosphorylated and total amount of Akt and GSK-3β proteins. Results: 6-OHDA induced cell death and declined Akt/GSK-3β phosphorylation, while curcumin co-treatment partially restored these effects. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin protects the SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA-induced cell death and Akt/GSK-3β signaling alteration. Thus, our study indicates that curcumin has a partial cytoprotective effect in dopaminergic cell culture systems.
Parkinson’s disease, 6-OHDA, SH-SY5Y, Curcumin, Akt, GSK-3β
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1375-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1375-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
The effects of rapamycin on the symptoms of cerebral ischemia due to changing the expression of miR-1 and its target genes, Bad and Bcl-w
172
182
EN
Anis
Talebi
Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
N
0000-0003-3438-6944
Mehdi
Rahnema
Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University-Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran
Mehdi.rahnema@iauz.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-9176-5153
Mohammad reza
Bigdeli
Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
mr_bigdeli@sbu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-9554-2798
Introduction: Stroke is the major cause of long-term disability in adults. The precise role of the mTOR signaling pathway in neural viability due to rapamycin effect in the animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) remained elusive. Since the relationship between mTOR and miR-1, especially in neurons, is unknown, we have evaluated the effect of rapamycin as a post-ischemic treatment on improving stroke symptoms. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups including sham, control and rapamycin treatment group. Each contains four subgroups (n=7). One hour after MCAO, rats were received intravenously 0.1ml normal saline or 0.1ml rapamycin in the control and treatment groups, respectively. After 24 hours, neurologic deficit score, infarct volume, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were measured in the control and treatment group. The expression of miR-1, Bcl-w and Bad were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR in all groups. Results: Our results indicate that post-treatment with rapamycin, significantly reduces neurological deficits, infarct volume, brain edema and BBB permeability. It also decreases the level of miR-1 and Bad expression and increases the level of Bcl-w expression. Conclusion: According to our findings, post-ischemic treatment with rapamycin can be effective in improving symptoms of stroke using changing in the expression of the miR-1 gene and consequently, a changing in the expression of the target genes of this miRNA (i.e., Bad and Bcl-w). In summary, we unravel for the first time a link between mTOR, miRNA-1, Bcl-w and Bad in brain ischemia.
miR-1 antagomir, Stroke, Bad, Bcl-w, Rapamycin
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1379-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1379-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
Anti-cancer properties of the methanol extract of Boswellia serrata gum resin: Cell proliferation arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis in BALB/c mice breast cancer model
183
194
EN
Hiva
Alipanah
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
h_alipanah@sbu.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-0598-0912
Parvin
Zareian
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
p.zareian@ajaums.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-5952-507x
Introduction: Boswellia serrata is a medicinal plant with immense potential in combating cancer. Since many cancers therapeutics have their roots in natural products, we investigated the inhibitory effect of B. serrata gum resin alcoholic extract (BSE) on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis in 4T1 breast cancer mouse model. Methods: Cell viability of BSE on triple negative cancer cell line, 4T1, was measured by MTT assay. In the anti-breast cancer study, female BALB/c mice in four groups (n=5) were implanted into the mammary fat pad with 4T1 cells (1×105 cells/0.1 ml) and treated by BSE (50, 150 and 250mg/kg) and distilled water for 21 days. Anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis effects of BSE in tumor tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for Ki-67 and CD31 expression. The metastatic rate was investigated in the liver and lung tissues by histopathological analysis. Results: In in-vitro toxicity study, 4T1 cells line were sensitive to BSE treatment with reduced cell viability. BSE suppression of 4T1 tumor growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by IHC analysis for Ki-67 expression. Analyses of the vasculature in the tumor tissues indicated smaller vessel area in BSE250 group compared to control tumors based on IHC for angiogenesis marker CD31. BSE only significantly decreased the metastatic rate in the lung tissue. Conclusion: From the outcome of our investigation, it is possible to conclude that BSE induces cell-specific cytotoxicity and suppresses cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis rate in breast cancer cells and can be effective for advanced breast cancer.
Boswellia serrata, Cell proliferation, Cytotoxicity, Tumor Growth, Breast Cancer
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1400-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1400-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
Inhibition of Candida albicans yeast– hyphal transition by combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B
195
204
EN
Alireza
Khodavandi
Department of Biology, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
khodavandi@iaug.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-9498-9822
Fahimeh
Alizadeh
Department of Microbiology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
f.alizadeh@iauyasooj.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-7074-0464
Fatemeh
Khezrian
Department of Microbiology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
f.Khezrian@iauyasooj.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-7301-8944
Introduction: Candidiasis represents a major threat to the life and health in immune-compromised individuals. The number of antifungal drugs is limited for the treatment of candidiasis. Combination therapy is one of the most frequently used techniques to alleviate this problem. Methods: Clinical isolates of Candida albicans were obtained from the immune-compromised patients. Antifungal susceptibilities to fluconazole and amphotericin B alone and in combination were performed by broth microdilution method. Eventually direct microscopic observation, time-kill kinetic assay, biomass and metabolic activity of the hypha, Sap enzyme activity and expression of SAP3 gene were carried out in C. albicans. Results: Combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B demonstrated synergistic and partial synergistic effects with fractional inhibitory concentration index ranged from 0.031 to 0.75. The data indicated that combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B exerted antifungal effects through reducing time-kill kinetic, yeast– hyphal transition, biomass and metabolic activity of the hypha and Sap enzyme activity in C. albicans. Additionally, the expression levels of the SAP3 gene were significantly down regulated (P<0.001) in C. albicans treated with combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B. Conclusion: Taken together, these events may confirm the potential uses of combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B against C. albicans. The results suggest that SAP3 gene could be probable target of synergistic interaction of fluconazole and amphotericin B in C. albicans.
Amphotericin B, Candida albicans, Fluconazole, SAP3
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1352-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1352-en.pdf
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Physiology and Pharmacology
24765236
24765244
22
3
2018
9
1
The rate of resistance to tetracyclines and distribution of tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetJ and tetY genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Azerbaijan, Iran during 2017
205
212
EN
Elham
Sheykhsaran
Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Sheikhsarane@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-9273-433X
Hossein
Bannazadeh Baghi
Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
hbannazadeh@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-2513-5361
Mohammad Hossein
Soroush Barhaghi
Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
soroush@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0003-0524-738X
Naser
Alizadeh
Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Alizaden@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0003-3125-302X
Mohammad Yousef
Memar
Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
memarm@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-0328-4753
Shima
Etemadi
Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Etemadish@tbzmed.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-6248-8361
Reza
Ghotaslou
Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
gottasloreza@tbzmed.ac.ir
Y
0000-0003-4762-3558
Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae are the heterogeneous group of Gram-negative bacteria, which cause different infections. The incidence of resistance to antibiotics among the Enterobacteriaceae is growing. This study investigated antibiotic resistance features and tetracycline resistance genes distribution in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Hospitals of Azerbaijan, Iran. Methods: The disc diffusion agar and agar dilution methods were used for assessment of antibiotics susceptibility patterns and minimum inhibitory concentration determination of tetracycline and minocycline. To detect eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetJ, and tetY), the PCR was performed in tetracycline-resistant isolates. Results: The resistance rate to tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, and tigecycline by the disc diffusion agar method were 58.8%, 24%, 43.6% and 0.4%, respectively. Fifty-one (20.4%) isolates were multiple drugs resistant. The minimum inhibitory concentration results showed 52% resistance to tetracycline and 22% for minocycline. The percentage of tet genes distribution was tetA (14.4%), tetB (18.4%), tetC (2%) and tetD (4.4%). However, tetE, tetG, tetJ and tetY genes were not detected in the present study. Conclusion: There is a moderate-high resistance rate to tetracycline among Enterobacteriaceae in Azerbaijan. The most effective antibiotic against Enterobacteriaceae was tigecycline followed by fosfomycin, imipenem and meropenem. The tet genes family especially tetA and tetB were prevalent among tetracycline-resistant isolates.
Enterobacteriaceae, Tetracyclines, Suceptibility patterns, tet genes
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1372-en.html
http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1372-en.pdf