Volume 27, Issue 3 (September 2023)                   Physiol Pharmacol 2023, 27(3): 211-233 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Mesripour A, Asghari-Varzaneh M, Safaeian L. An overview of animal models induced by glucocorticoids. Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 27 (3) :211-233
URL: http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-2018-en.html
Abstract:   (815 Views)

Glucocorticoids are widely employed for treating various disorders, but their administration is associated with multiple adverse effects. To study and understand these side effects, preclinical animal models have been developed. Experimental models that replicate essential aspects of human diseases offer valuable tools for assessing potential therapeutic agents and elucidating molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. In this review, we provide an overview of various animal models in which glucocorticoids have been utilized to induce humanlike disorders across different body systems. These disorders encompass hypertension, skin atrophy, hair loss, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, gastric mucosal damage, growth retardation, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, depression-like behavior, glaucoma, and cataracts.

Full-Text [PDF 1047 kb]   (408 Downloads)    
Type of Manuscript: Review | Subject: Endocrine Physiology/Pharmacology

References
1. Agarwal S, Mirzoeva S, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Budunova I. PI3K inhibitors protect against glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:526-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.055]
2. Alan IS, Alan B. Side effects of glucocorticoids. In: Malangu N, editor. Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs – Mechanisms and Risks Factors. IntechOpen 2018; 23: 93-115. [DOI:10.5772/intechopen.72019]
3. Alev K, Arved V, Maire A, Ando P, Priit P, Priit K, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced changes in rat skeletal muscle biomechanical and viscoelastic properties: Aspects of aging. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2018; 41: 19-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.06.009]
4. Amin SS, Sachdeva S. Alopecia areata: A review. J Saudi Soc Dermatol Dermatol Surg 2013; 17: 37-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.jssdds.2013.05.004]
5. Anacker C, Zunszain PA, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM. The glucocorticoid receptor: pivot of depression and of antidepressant treatment? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36: 415-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.007]
6. Anagnos A, Ruffi RL, Kaminski H. Endocrine myopathies. Neurol Clin 1997; 15: 673-696.
7. Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, Cardinaletti M, Appolloni G, Boscaro M. Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010; 92: 86-90. [DOI:10.1159/000314213]
8. Aschenbach JR, Kristensen NB, Donkin SS, Hammon HM, Penner GB. Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: the secret of making sweet milk from sour dough. IUBMB life 2010; 62: 869-77. [DOI:10.1002/iub.400]
9. Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay D, Ganguly C, Banerjee R. Dexamethasone makes the gastric mucosa susceptible to ulceration by inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase and peroxidase-two important gastroprotective enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 202: 31-6. [DOI:10.1023/a:1007018212822]
10. Baofeng L, Zhi Y, Bei C, Guolin M, Qingshui Y, Jian L. Characterization of a rabbit osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy and glucocorticoid. Acta Orthop 2010; 81: 396-401. [DOI:10.3109/17453674.2010.483986]
11. Baron J, Huang Z, Oerter KE, Bacher JD, Cutler GB. Dexamethasone acts locally to inhibit longitudinal bone growth in rabbits. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1992; 263: E489-92. [DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.3.E489]
12. Baschant U, Henneicke H, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Sclerostin Blockade—A dual mode of action after all? J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31: 1787-90. [DOI:10.1002/jbmr.2988]
13. Basting T, Lazartigues E. DOCA-salt hypertension: an update. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19: 1-8. [DOI:10.1007/s11906-017-0731-4]
14. Beaupere C, Liboz A, Fève B, Blondeau B, Guillemain G. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 1-30. [DOI:10.3390/ijms22020623]
15. Bekler H, Uygur AM, Gökçe A, Beyzadeoğlu T. The effect of steroid use on the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: an animal model. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2007; 41: 58-63.
16. Bitto A, Burnett B, Polito F, Levy R, Marini H, Di Stefano V, et al. Genistein aglycone reverses glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and increases bone breaking strength in rats: a comparative study with alendronate. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156: 1287–95. [DOI:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00100.x]
17. A Bouhenni R, Dunmire J, Sewell A, Edward DP. Animal models of glaucoma. J Biotechnol Biomed 2012; 2012:692609. [DOI:10.1155/2012/692609]
18. Boksenbaum M, Mendelson CG. Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head associated with steroid therapy. JAMA 1963; 184: 262-5. [DOI:10.1001/jama.1963.03700170054007]
19. Brown ES, Woolston DJ, Frol A, Bobadilla L, Khan DA, Hanczyc M, et al. Hippocampal volume, spectroscopy, cognition, and mood in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 538-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.010]
20. Bucala R, Callati M, Manabe S, Cotlier E, Cerami A. Glucocorticoid-lens protein adducts in experimentally induced steroid cataracts. Exp Eye Res 1985; 40: 853-63. [DOI:10.1016/0014-4835(85)90130-7]
21. Buchman AL. Side effects of corticosteroid therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 33: 289-94. [DOI:10.1097/00004836-200110000-00006]
22. Burén J, Lai YC, Lundgren M, Eriksson JW, Jensen J. Insulin action and signaling in fat and muscle from dexamethasone-treated rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474: 91-101. [DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.034]
23. Campbell JE, Peckett AJ, D’souza AM, Hawke TJ, Riddell MC. Adipogenic and lipolytic effects of chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Am J Physiol - Cell Physiol 2011; 300: C198-209. [DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.00045.2010]
24. Chrysis D, Ritzen EM, Sävendahl L. Growth retardation induced by dexamethasone is associated with increased apoptosis of the growth plate chondrocytes. J Endocrinol 2003; 176: 331-7. [DOI:10.1677/joe.0.1760331]
25. Cicala MV, Mantero F. Hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome: from pathogenesis to treatment. Neuroendocrinology 2010; 92: 44-9. [DOI:10.1159/000314315]
26. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataract. New Engl J Med USE 1997; 37: 8-14. [DOI:10.1056/NEJM199707033370102]
27. Dalle Carbonare L, Bertoldo F, Valenti MT, Zordan S, Sella S, Fassina A, et al. Risedronate prevents the loss of microarchitecture in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30: 739-46. [DOI:10.1007/BF03350811]
28. Dardevet D, Sornet C, Taillandier D, Savary I, Attaix D, Grizard J. Sensitivity and protein turnover response to glucocorticoids are different in skeletal muscle from adult and old rats. Lack of regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway in aging. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2113-9. [DOI:10.1172/JCI118264]
29. Delforno C, Holt PJ, Marks R. Corticosteroid effect on epidermal cell size. Br J Dermatol 1978; 98: 619-23. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb03579.x]
30. Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Schmitz O. Additive effects of cortisol and growth hormone on regional and systemic lipolysis in humans. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E488-94. [DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00199.2003]
31. Drescher W, Weigert K.P, Bunger M.H, Ingerslev J, Bunger C, Hansen E.S. Femoral head blood flow reduction and hypercoagulability under 24 h megadose steroid treatment in pigs. J Orthop Res 2004; 22: 501–8. [DOI:10.1016/j.orthres.2003.10.002]
32. Dubey H, Singh A, Patole AM, Tenpe CR. Antihypertensive effect of allicin in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Integr Med Res 2017 Mar; 6: 60-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.imr.2016.12.002]
33. Dunford EC, Riddell MC. The metabolic implications of glucocorticoids in a high-fat diet setting and the counter-effects of exercise. Metabolites 2016; 6: 44. [DOI:10.3390/metabo6040044]
34. Eason JM, Dodd SL, Powers SK, Martin AD. Detrimental effects of short-term glucocorticoid use on the rat diaphragm. Phys Ther 2000; 80: 160-7. [DOI:10.1093/ptj/80.2.160]
35. Fawzy SA, Ahmed NA, Eldin Elshafie MD, Radwan SH. Effect of curcumin versus hyaluronic acid on glucocorticoid induced skin atrophy and subsequent skin abrasions in rats. Egypt J Histol 2019; 42: 35-50. [DOI:10.21608/ejh.2018.6166.1037]
36. Fernandes C, McKittrick CR, File SE, McEwen BS. Decreased 5-HT1A and increased 5-HT2A receptor binding after chronic corticosterone associated with a behavioural indication of depression but not anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997; 22: 477-91. [DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00052-8]
37. Filaretova L, Morozova O, Bagaeva T, Podvigina T. From gastroprotective to proulcerogenic action of glucocorticoids on the gastric mucosa. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60: 79-86.
38. Filaretova L. Glucocorticoids are gastroprotective under physiologic conditions. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis 2011; 2: 333-42. [DOI:10.1177/2040622311412420]
39. Filep JG, Hermán F, Földes-Filep É, Schneider F, Braquet P. Dexamethasone-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat: possible role of platelet-activating factor. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 912-8. [DOI:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09077.x]
40. Garlick PJ, Maltin CA, Baillie AGS, Delday MI & Grubb DA (1989) Fiber-type composition of nine rat muscles. 11. Relationship to protein turnover Am J Physiol 1989; 257, E828-32. [DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.6.E823]
41. Geer EB, Islam J, Buettner C. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: Focus on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43: 75-102. [DOI:10.1002/jbmr.3231]
42. Goulding A, Gold E. Effects of chronic prednisolone treatment on bone resorption and bone composition in intact and ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized rats receiving β-estradiol. Endocrinology 1988; 122: 482-7. [DOI:10.1210/endo-122-2-482]
43. Gupta A, Gupta Y. Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17: 913. [DOI:10.4103/2230-8210.117215]
44. Harris JE, Gruber L. The electrolyte and water balance of the lens. Exp Eye Res 1962; 1: 372-84. [DOI:10.1016/S0014-4835(62)80027-X]
45. Hazra A, Pyszczynski NA, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling of corticosteroid effects on hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptors and plasma lipid dynamics in rats. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 769-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11095-007-9371-8]
46. Hedya S, Hawila N, Abdin A, Maaly AE. Luteolin attenuates dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in male albino rats. Med J Cairo Univ 2019; 87: 3365-74. [DOI:10.21608/MJCU.2019.65632]
47. Henderson AK, Webster CR. Disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2006; 28: 340-56.
48. Henn F, Vollmayr B, Sartorius A. Mechanisms of depression: the role of neurogenesis. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 2004; 1: 407-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.10.007]
49. Hernandez-Denlinger LM, Edelman JL. A surrogate model of intravitreal glucocorticoid-induced cataract and ocular hypertension. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:1658.
50. Herrmann M, Henneicke H, Street J, Modzelewski J, Kalak R, Buttgereit F, et al. The challenge of continuous exogenous glucocorticoid administration in mice. Steroids 2009;74: 245–9. [DOI:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.11.009]
51. Isidori AM, Graziadio C, Paragliola RM, Cozzolino A, Ambrogio AG, Colao A, et al. The hypertension of Cushing’s syndrome: controversies in the pathophysiology and focus on cardiovascular complications. J Hypertens 2015; 33: 44. [DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000415]
52. James ER. The etiology of steroid cataract. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23: 403-20. [DOI:10.1089/jop.2006.0067]
53. Jiang Y, Gou H, Wang S, Zhu J, Tian S, Yu L. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on bone formation and lipid metabolism of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis rats through canonical Wnt signaling pathway Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 2016: 1–13. [DOI:10.1155/2016/4927035]
54. Jobling AI, Augusteyn RC. What causes steroid cataracts? A review of steroid-induced posterior subcapsular cataracts. Clin Exp Optom 2002; 85: 61-75. [DOI:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2002.tb03011.x]
55. Kajiyama Y, Iijima Y, Chiba S, Furuta M, Ninomiya M, Izumi A, et al. Prednisolone causes anxiety-and depression-like behaviors and altered expression of apoptotic genes in mice hippocampus. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:159-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.018]
56. Kappe C, Fransson L, Wolbert P, Ortsäter H. Glucocorticoids suppress GLP-1 secretion: possible contribution to their diabetogenic effects. Clin Sci 2015; 129: 405-14. [DOI:10.1042/CS20140719]
57. Kemer S, Karademir F, Aydemir G, Kucukodaci Z, Pirgon O, Genc FA, et al. Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids on the Growth Plates of Infant Rats. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2015; 34: 223-32. [DOI:10.3109/15513815.2015.1042606]
58. Kennedy B, Elayan H, Ziegler M.G. Glucocorticoid induction of epinephrine synthesizing enzyme in rat skeletal muscle and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1993; 92, 303-307. [DOI:10.1172/JCI116567]
59. Kennedy CC, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Women’s Heal 2006; 2: 65-74. [DOI:10.2217/17455057.2.1.65]
60. Kerachian MA, Séguin C, Harvey EJ. Glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a new understanding of the mechanisms of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:121-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.007]
61. Kohlmann Jr OS, Ribeiro AB, Marson OD, Saragoca MA, Ramos OL. Methylprednisolone-induced hypertension. Role for the autonomic and renin angiotensin systems. Hypertension 1981; 3: II-107. [DOI:10.1161/01.hyp.3.6_pt_2.ii-107]
62. Kolbe L, Kligman AM, Schreiner V, Stoudemayer T. Corticosteroid-induced atrophy and barrier impairment measured by non-invasive methods in human skin. Ski Res Technol 2001; 7: 73-7. [DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0846.2001.70203.x]
63. Konno S. Hydroxyl radical formation in skeletal muscle of rats with glucocorticoid-induced myopathy. Neurochem Res 2005; 30, 669-75. [DOI:10.1007/s11064-005-2755-4]
64. Kosano H, Nishigori H. Steroid-induced cataract: other than in the whole animal system, in the lens culture system, androgens, estrogens and progestins as well as glucocorticoids produce a loss of transparency of the lens. Dev. Ophthalmol. 2002; 35:161-8. [DOI:10.1159/000060820]
65. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. Animal models of depression: molecular perspectives. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 121-47. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/7854_2010_108 [DOI:10.1007/7854_2010_108]
66. Kugelberg M, Shafiei K, Ohlsson C, Sävendahl L, Zetterström C. Glucocorticoid eye drops inhibit growth in the newborn rabbit. Acta Paediatrica 2005; 94: 1096–101. [DOI:10.1080/08035250510028731]
67. Kumai T, Asoh K, Tateishi T, Tanaka M, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, et al. Involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase up regulation in dexamethasone-induced hypertension of rats. Life Sci 2000; 67:1993-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00787-6]
68. Kumar S., Shah S., Deutsch E.R., Tang H.M., Danias J. Triamcinolone acetonide decreases outflow facility in C57BL/6 mouse eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1280–7. [DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-11223]
69. Kumar VRS, Inamdar MN, Viswanatha GL. Protective effect of lemongrass oil against dexamethasone induced hyperlipidemia in rats: Possible role of decreased lecithin cholesterol acetyl transferase activity. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4: 658-60. [DOI:10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60167-3]
70. Kwack MH, Lee JH, Seo CH, Kim JC, Kim MK, Sung YK. Dickkopf-1 is involved in dexamethasone-mediated hair follicle regression. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26: 952-4. [DOI:10.1111/exd.13308]
71. Lambillotte C, Gilon P, Henquin JC. Direct glucocorticoid inhibition of insulin secretion: An in vitro study of dexamethasone effects in mouse islets. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 414-23. [DOI:10.1172/JCI119175]
72. Lee MJ, Lee JS, Lee MC. Apoptosis of skeletal muscle on steroid-induced myopathy in rats. J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16: 467-74. [DOI:10.3346/jkms.2001.16.4.467]
73. Lee SE, Lee EY, Kang SJ, Lee SH. 11Β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition attenuates the adverse effects of glucocorticoids on dermal papilla cells. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58: 1204-10. [DOI:10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1204]
74. Levine RA, McGuire RF. Corticosteroid-induced pancreatitis: A case report demonstrating recurrence with rechallenge. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 1161-4. [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1988.tb06075.x]
75. Li M, Fraser T, Wang J, Whitworth JA. Dexamethasone-induced hypertension in the rat: effects of L-arginine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997; 24: 730-2. [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb02121.x]
76. Li X, Jin L, Cui Q, Wang GJ, Balian G. Steroid effects on osteogenesis through mesenchymal cell gene expression. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 101-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00198-004-1649-7]
77. Lin HY, Lee YT, Chan YW, Tse G. Animal models for the study of primary and secondary hypertension in humans. Biomed Rep 2016; 5: 653-9. [DOI:10.3892/br.2016.784]
78. Lin T, Liu J, Yang S, Liu X, Feng X, Fu D. Relation between the development of osteoporosis and osteonecrosis following glucocorticoid in a rabbit model. Indian J Orthop 2016; 50: 406. [DOI:10.4103/0019-5413.185606]
79. Luo JC, Shin VY, Liu ESL, So WHL, Ye YN, Chang FY, et al. Non-ulcerogenic dose of dexamethasone delays gastric ulcer healing in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307: 692-8. [DOI:10.1124/jpet.103.055202]
80. Ma L, Shen Q, Yang S, Xie X, Xiao Q, Yu C, et al. Effect of chronic corticosterone-induced depression on circadian rhythms and age-related phenotypes in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2018; 50: 1236-46. [DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmy132]
81. Maddineni P, Kasetti RB, Patel PD, Millar JC, Kiehlbauch C, Clark AF, et al. CNS axonal degeneration and transport deficits at the optic nerve head precede structural and functional loss of retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15: 1-20. [DOI:10.1186/s13024-020-00400-9]
82. Mahendran P, Devi CSS. Effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on lipids and lipoprotein composition in dexamthesone administered rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 45: 345-50
83. Martínez BB, Pereira AC, Muzetti JH, Telles FD, Mundim FG, Teixeira MA. Experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:645-9. [DOI:10.1590/S0102-865020160100000001]
84. Maubec E, Laouénan C, Deschamps L, Nguyen VT, Scheer-Senyarich I, Wackenheim-Jacobs AC, et al. Topical mineralocorticoid receptor blockade limits glucocorticoid-induced epidermal atrophy in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135: 1781-9. [DOI:10.1038/jid.2015.44]
85. McLaughlin F, Mackintosh J, Hayes BP, McLaren A, Uings IJ, Salmon P, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in the mouse as assessed by histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, and biochemical markers. Bone 2002; 30: 924–30. [DOI:10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00737-8]
86. Mesripour A, Alhimma F, Hajhashemi V. The effect of vitamin B6 on dexamethasone-induced depression in mice model of despair. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 22: 744-9. [DOI:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1442184]
87. Mesripour A, Karimi Z, Minaiyan M. Creatine and α-lipoic acid improved depressive behavior induced by interferon-α in mice: Malondialdehyde level remained unchanged. J Rep Pharm Sci 2021; 10: 124. [DOI:10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_142_20]
88. Mesripour A, Rakhshankhah P. A synbiotic mixture ameliorates depressive behavior induced by dexamethasone or water avoidance stress in a mouse model. Turkish J Pharm Sci 2021; 18: 21. [DOI:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.71300]
89. Miller D, Tijerina ML, Mayman C. In vitro production of steroids cataract in bovine lens: Part I: Measurement of optical changes. Acta Ophthalmol 1979; 57: 1101-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1979.tb00544.x]
90. Mirshahpanah P, Döcke WD, Merbold U, Asadullah K, Röse L, Schäcke H, et al. Superior nuclear receptor selectivity and therapeutic index of methylprednisolone aceponate versus mometasone furoate. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:753-61. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00597.x]
91. Motta K, Barbosa AM, Bobinski F, Boschero AC, Rafacho A. JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation is reduced by glucocorticoids in adipose tissue from insulin-resistant rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145: 1-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.024]
92. Naber D, Sand P, Heigl B. Psychopathological and neuropsychological effects of 8-days’ corticosteroid treatment. A prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996; 21: 25-31. [DOI:10.1016/0306-4530(95)00031-3]
93. Nagai K, Sasaki H, Kojima M, Sasaki K. An alternative method of steroid-induced lens opacification in brown norway rat eyes applying systemic pulse administration. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36: 231-6. [DOI:10.1159/000078783]
94. Nagornev VA, Zubzhitskii YN, Pigarevskii P V, Ivanovskii Y V. Effect of hydrocortisone on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Bull Exp Biol Med 1980; 90: 1344-6. [DOI:10.1007/BF00838798]
95. Nakamoto H, Suzuki H, Kageyama Y, Ohishi A, Murakami M, Naitoh M, et al. Characterization of alterations of hemodynamics and neuroendocrine hormones in dexamethasone induced hypertension in dogs. Clin Exp Hypertens A 1991; 13: 587-606. [DOI:10.3109/10641969109045071]
96. Newton M, Cooper BT. Benign intracranial hypertension during prednisolone treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1994; 35: 423-5. [DOI:10.1136/gut.35.3.423]
97. Niculet E, Bobeica C, Tatu AL. Glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy: The old and the new. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13: 1041-50. [DOI:10.2147/CCID.S224211]
98. Nishigori H, Lee JW, Yamauchi Y, Maruyama K, Iwatsuru M. Analysis of glucose levels during glucocorticoid-induced cataract formation in chick embryos. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28: 168-74.
99. Noh KK, Chung KW, Choi YJ, Park MH, Jang EJ, Park CH, et.al. β–Hydroxy β–methylbutyrate improves dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by modulating the muscle degradation pathway in SD rat. PLoS One 2014; 9: e102947. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0102947]
100. Notman MT. Incest: Understanding and Treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 457-8. [DOI:10.1176/ajp.141.3.457]
101. Ohnaka K, Tanabe M, Kawate H, Nawata H, Takayanagi R. Glucocorticoid suppresses the canonical Wnt signal in cultured human osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329: 177-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.117]
102. Ong SL, Zhang Y, Whitworth JA. Mechanisms of dexamethasone-induced hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rev 2009; 5: 61-74. [DOI:10.2174/157340209787314315]
103. Okuno T, Suzuki H, Saruta T. Dexamethasone hypertension in rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1981; 3: 1075-86. [DOI:10.3109/10641968109033722]
104. Olefsky JM, Johnson J, Liu F, Jen P, Reaven GM. The effects of acute and chronic dexamethasone administration on insulin binding to isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. Metabolism 1975; 24: 517-27. [DOI:10.1016/0026-0495(75)90076-1]
105. Ortoft G, Grønbaek H, Oxlund H. Growth hormone administration can improve growth in glucocorticoid-injected rats without affecting the lymphocytopenic effect of the glucocorticoid. Growth Horm IGF Res 1998a; 8: 251–64. [DOI:10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80118-4]
106. Ortoft G, Oxlund H & Andreassen TT. Administration of a glucocorticoid with depot effect counteracts the stimulating effect of growth hormone on cancellous and cortical bone of the vertebral body in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 1998b; 63: 14-21. [DOI:10.1007/s002239900483]
107. Overby DR, Clark AF, Texas UN, Science H. Animal Models of Glucocorticoid-Induced Glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 141: 15-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.002]
108. Overby DR, Bertrand J, Tektas OY, Boussommier-Calleja A, Schicht M, Ethier CR, et al. Ultrastructural changes associated with dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension in mice. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci 2014; 55: 4922-33. [DOI:10.1167/iovs.14-14429]
109. Owen HC, Ahmed SF, Farquharson C. Chondrocyte p21 (WAF1/CIP1) expression is increased by dexamethasone but does not contribute to dexamethasone-induced growth retardation in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85: 326-34. [DOI:10.1007/s00223-009-9276-0]
110. Pasieka AM, Rafacho A. Impact of glucocorticoid excess on glucose tolerance: Clinical and preclinical evidence. Metabolites 2016; 6: 24. [DOI:10.3390/metabo6030024]
111. Patel GC, Millar JC, Clark AF. Glucocorticoid receptor transactivation is required for glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: 1967-78. [DOI:10.1167/iovs.18-26383]
112. Paus R, Handjiski B, Czarnetzki BM, Eichmüller S. A murine model for inducing and manipulating hair follicle regression (catagen): Effects of dexamethasone and cyclosporin A. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103: 143-7. [DOI:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12392542]
113. Pescosolido N, Miccheli A, Manetti C, Iannetti GD, Feher J, Cavallotti C. Metabolic changes in rabbit lens induced by treatment with dexamethasone. Ophthalmic Res 2001; 33: 68-74. [DOI:10.1159/000055646]
114. Qin L, Zhang G, Sheng H, Yeung KW, Yeung HY, Chan CW, et al. Multiple bioimaging modalities in evaluation of an experimental osteonecrosis induced by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and methylprednisolone. Bone 2006; 39: 863-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.018]
115. Qin Y, Lam S, Yam GH, Choy KW, Liu DT, Chiu TY, et al. A rabbit model of age-dependant ocular hypertensive response to topical corticosteroids. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 90: 559-63. [DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02016.x]
116. Rafacho A, Gonçalves-Neto LM, Santos-Silva JC, Alonso-Magdalena P, Merino B, Taboga SR, et al. Pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction contributes to the disruption of glucose homeostasis and compensatory insulin hypersecretion in glucocorticoid-treated rats. PLoS One 2014; 9: e93531. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0093531]
117. Raghunathan VK, Morgan JT, Park SA, Weber D, Phinney BS, Murphy CJ, et al. Dexamethasone stiffens trabecular meshwork, trabecular meshwork cells, and matrix. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 4447-59. [DOI:10.1167/iovs.15-16739]
118. Ridder S, Chourbaji S, Hellweg R, Urani A, Zacher C, Schmid W, et al. Mice with genetically altered glucocorticoid receptor expression show altered sensitivity for stress-induced depressive reactions. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 6243-50. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0736-05.2005]
119. Rooman R, Koster J, Bloemen R, Gresnigt R. The effect of dexamethasone on body and organ growth of normal and The effect of dexamethasone on body and organ growth of normal and IGF-II-transgenic mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 163: 543-54. [DOI:10.1677/joe.0.1630543]
120. Røpke MA, Alonso C, Jung S, Norsgaard H, Richter C, Darvin ME, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on stratum corneum lipids and function in human skin—A detailed lipidomic analysis. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88: 330-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.08.009]
121. Ross IL, Marais AD. The influence of glucocorticoids on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. South African Med J 2014; 104: 671-4. [DOI:10.7196/SAMJ.7979]
122. Rozsíval P, Hampl R, Obenberger J, Stárka L, Řehák S. Aqueous humour and plasma cortisol levels in glaucoma and cataract patients. Curr Eye Res 1981; 1: 391-6. [DOI:10.3109/02713688109019976]
123. Ruzzin J, Wagman AS, Jensen J. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscles: Defects in insulin signalling and the effects of a selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 2119-30. [DOI:10.1007/s00125-005-1886-0]
124. Safaeian L, Ghasemi-Dehkordi N, Javanmard SH, Namvar H. Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from aerial parts of Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10: 192-9.
125. Safaeian L, Zolfaghari B, Karimi S, Talebi A, Ghazvini MA. The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium elburzense Wendelbo bulb on dexamethasone-induced dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress in rats. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13: 22-9. [DOI:10.4103/1735-5362.220964]
126. Safaeian L, Zolfaghari B, Assarzadeh N, Ghadirkhomi A. Antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of bark extract of Pinus eldarica in dexamethasone-induced dyslipidemic rats. J Adv Med Biomed Res 2019; 27 (125): 49-56. [DOI:10.30699/jambs.27.125.49]
127. Sakoda H, Ogihara T, Anai M, Funaki M, Inukai K, Katagiri H, et al. Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is due to inhibition of glucose transport rather than insulin signal transduction. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1700-8. [DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.10.1700]
128. Sato AY, Cregor M, Delgado-Calle J, Condon KW, Allen MR, Peacock M, et al. Protection from glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by anti-catabolic signaling in the absence of sost/sclerostin. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31 :1791-802. [DOI:10.1002/jbmr.2869]
129. Sato A, Suzuki H, Iwaita Y, Nakazato Y, Kato H, Saruta T. Potentiation of inositol trisphosphate production by dexamethasone. Hypertension 1992; 19: 109-15. [DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.19.1.109]
130. Sawaguchi K, Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Sakai H, Sawaguchi S. Myocilin gene expression in the trabecular meshwork of rats in a steroid-induced ocular hypertension model. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 37, 235-42. [DOI:10.1159/000086946]
131. Schakman O, Gilson H, Thissen JP. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy. J. Endocrinol 2008; 197: 1-10. [DOI:10.1677/joe-07-0606]
132. Schellenberg S, Mettler M, Gentilini F, Portmann R, Glaus TM, Reusch CE. The effects of hydrocortisone on systemic arterial blood pressure and urinary protein excretion in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 273-81. [DOI:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0039.x]
133. Schoepe S, Schäcke H, May E, Asadullah K. Glucocorticoid therapy-induced skin atrophy. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15: 406-20. [DOI:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.00435.x]
134. Schoepe S, Vonk R, Schäcke H, Zollner TM, Asadullah K, Röse L. Shortened treatment duration of glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy in rats. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20: 853-5. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01341.x]
135. Sheng HH, Zhang GG, Cheung WHWH, Chan CWCW, Wang YXYX, Lee KMKM, et al. Elevated adipogenesis of marrow mesenchymal stem cells during early steroid-associated osteonecrosis development. J Orthop Surg Res 2007; 2: 1-7. [DOI:10.1186/1749-799X-2-15]
136. Sheng H, Zhang G, Wang YX, Yeung DK, Griffith JF, Leung KS, Qin L. Functional perfusion MRI predicts later occurrence of steroid-associated osteonecrosis: An experimental study in rabbits. J Orthop Res 2009; 27: 742-7. [DOI:10.1002/jor.20765]
137. Shpilberg Y, Beaudry JL, D’Souza A, Campbell JE, Peckett A, Riddell MC. A rodent model of rapid-onset diabetes induced by glucocorticoids and high-fat feeding. Dis Models Mech 2012; 5: 671-80. [DOI:10.1242/dmm.008912]
138. Shue HM, Lee JYY, Chai CY, Kuo KW. Depletion of stratum corneum intercellular lipid lamellae and barrier function abnormalities after long-term topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 884-90. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03929.x]
139. Silvestrini G, Ballanti P, Patacchioli FR, Mocetti P, Di Grezia R, et al. Evaluation of apoptosis and the glucocorticoid receptor in the cartilage growth plate and metaphyseal bone cells of rats after high-dose treatment with corticosterone. Bone 2000; 26: 33–42. [DOI:10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00245-8]
140. Skalka HW, Prchal JT. Effect of corticosteroids on cataract formation in man. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980; 19: 50. [DOI:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020040625007]
141. Skoner DP, Szefler SJ, Welch M, Walton-Bowen K, Cruz-Rivera M, Smith JA. Longitudinal growth in infants and young children treated with budesonide inhalation suspension for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105: 259-68. [DOI:10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90074-5]
142. Smink JJ, Koster JG, Gresnigt MG, Rooman R, Koedam JA, Van Buul-Offers SC. IGF and IGF-binding protein expression in the growth plate of normal, dexamethasone-treated and human IGF-II transgenic mice. J Endocrinol 2002; 175: 143-53. [DOI:10.1677/joe.0.1750143]
143. Smith JG, Wehr RF, Chalker DK. Corticosteroid-induced cutaneous atrophy and telangiectasia: experimental production associated with weight loss in rats. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:1115-7. [DOI:10.1001/archderm.1976.01630320025006]
144. Song Z, Gao H, Liu H, Sun X. Metabolomics of rabbit aqueous humor after administration of glucocorticosteroid. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36: 563-70. [DOI:10.3109/02713683.2011.566410]
145. Sousa N, Lukoyanov N V, Madeira MD, Almeida OFX, Paula-Barbosa MM. Erratum: Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neuritis and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement. Neuroscience 2000; 101: 483. [DOI:10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00465-6]
146. Staels B, Van Toi A, Chan L, Verhoeven G, Auwerx J. Variable effects of different corticosteroids on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA levels in rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1991; 11: 760-9. [DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.11.3.760]
147. Stamer WD, Clark AF. The many faces of the trabecular meshwork cell. Exp. Eye Res 2017;158: 112-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.009]
148. Stenn KS, Paus R, Dutton T, Sarba B. Glucocorticoid effect on hair growth initiation: A reconsideration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 1993; 6: 125-34. [DOI:10.1159/000211097]
149. Sun X, Feng M, Lu L, Zhao Z, Bao X, Deng K, et al. Lipid abnormalities in patients with cushing’s disease and its relationship with impaired glucose metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11: 1-9. [DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.600323]
150. Takano-Murakami R, Tokunaga K, Kondo N, Ito T, Kitahara H, Ito M, et al. Glucocorticoid inhibits bone regeneration after osteonecrosis of the femoral head in aged female rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009; 217: 51-8. [DOI:10.1620/tjem.217.51]
151. Tarkkanen A, Esilä R, Liesmaa M. Experimental cataracts following long-term administration of corticosteroids. Acta Ophthalmol 1966; 44: 665-8. [DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1966.tb08085.x]
152. Tata DA, Anderson BJ. The effects of chronic glucocorticoid exposure on dendritic length, synapse numbers and glial volume in animal models: Implications for hippocampal volume reductions in depression. Physiol Behav 2010; 99: 186-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.09.008]
153. Timmermans S, Souffriau J, Libert C. A general introduction to glucocorticoid biology. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 1545. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01545]
154. Tulipano G, Taylor JE, Halem HA, Datta R, Dong JZ, Culler MD, et al. Glucocorticoid inhibition of growth in rats: partial reversal with the full-length ghrelin analog BIM-28125. Pituitary 2007; 10: 267–74. [DOI:10.1007/s11102-007-0054-6]
155. Turno-Krecicka A, Grzybowski A, Misiuk-Hojło M, Patryn E, Czajor K, Nita M. Ocular changes induced by drugs commonly used in dermatology. Clin Dermatol 2016; 34: 129-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.012]
156. Turner AS. Animal models of osteoporosis-necessity and limitations. Eur Cell Mater 2001; 1: 66-81. [DOI:10.22203/eCM.v001a08]
157. Wallace JL. Glucocorticoid-induced gastric mucosal damage: inhibition of leukotriene, but not prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 1987; 34: 311-23. [DOI:10.1016/0090-6980(87)90252-8]
158. Wang GJ, Cui Q, Balian G. The pathogenesis and prevention of steroid-induced osteonecrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000: 295–310. [DOI:10.1097/00003086-200001000-00030]
159. Wang JC, Gray NE, Kuo T, Harris CA. Regulation of triglyceride metabolism by glucocorticoid receptor. Cell Biosci 2012; 2: 1-9. [DOI:10.1186/2045-3701-2-19]
160. Ward WE, Donovan SM, Atkinson SA. Dexamethasone-induced abnormalities in growth and bone metabolism in piglets are partially attenuated by growth hormone with no synergistic effect of insulin-like growth factor-I. Pediatr Res 1998; 44: 215–221. [DOI:10.1203/00006450-199808000-00013]
161. Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC. Inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and promotion of apoptosis of osteoblasts end osteocytes by glucocorticoids potential mechanisms of their deleterious effects on bone. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 274-82. [DOI:10.1172/JCI2799]
162. Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced bone disease. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 62-70. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp1012926]
163. Whitlock NA, McKnight B, Corcoran KN, Rodriguez LA, Rice DS. Increased intraocular pressure in mice treated with dexamethasone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 6496–6503. [DOI:10.1167/iovs.10-5430]
164. Whitworth JA, Schyvens CG, Zhang Y, Mangos GJ, Kelly JJ. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension: From mouse to man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28: 993-6. [DOI:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03584.x]
165. Wimalawansa SJ, Simmons DJ. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss with alendronate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 217: 162–7. [DOI:10.3181/00379727-217-44218]
166. Wood CL, Soucek O, Wong SC, Zaman F, Farquharson C, Savendahl L, et al. Animal models to explore the effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal growth and structure. J Endocrinol 2018; 236: R69-91. [DOI:10.1530/JOE-17-0361]
167. Wood DC, Contaxis I, Sweet D, Smith JC, Van Dolah J. Response of rabbits to corticosteroids. I. Influence on growth, intraocular pressure and lens transparency. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63: 841-9. [DOI:10.1016/0002-9394(67)91314-1]
168. Wróbel A, Serefko A, Wlaź P, Poleszak E. The effect of imipramine, ketamine, and zinc in the mouse model of depression. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30: 1379-86. [DOI:10.1007/s11011-015-9709-6]
169. Xie XH, Wang XL, Yang HL, Zhao DW, Qin L. Steroid-associated osteonecrosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, animal model, prevention, and potential treatments (an overview). J Orthop Transl 2015; 3: 58-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.jot.2014.12.002]
170. Xu J, Gong H, Lu S, Deasey MJ, Cui Q. Animal models of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head—a comprehensive research review up to 2018. Int Orthop 2018; 42: 1729-37. [DOI:10.1007/s00264-018-3956-1]
171. Yamamoto D, Maki T, Herningtyas EH, Ikeshita N, Shibahara H, Sugiyama Y, et al. Branched-chain amino acids protect against dexamethasone-nduced soleus muscle atrophy in rats. Muscle & Nerve: Muscle Nerve 2010; 41: 819-27. [DOI:10.1002/mus.21621]
172. Yamamoto T, Hirano K, Tsutsui H, Sugioka Y, Sueishi K. Corticosteroid enhances the experimental induction of osteonecrosis in rabbits with Shwartzman reaction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995; 1: 235-43.
173. Yamamoto T, Irisa T, Sugioka Y, Sueishi K, Yamamoto T, Irisa T, et al. Effects of pulse methylprednisolone on bone and marrow tissues. Corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits. Arthritis Rheumatol 1997; 40: 2055-64. [DOI:10.1002/art.1780401119]
174. Yang L, Boyd K, Kaste SC, Kamdem L, Rahija RJ, Relling MV. A mouse model for glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis: effect of a steroid holiday. J Orthop Res 2009; 27: 169–75. [DOI:10.1002/jor.20733]
175. Yao W, Cheng Z, Pham A, Busse C, Zimmermann EA, Ritchie RO, Lane NE. Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss can be reversed by the actions of PTH and Risedronate on different pathways for bone formation and mineralization. Arthritis Rheumatol 2008a; 58: 3485. [DOI:10.1002/art.23954]
176. Yao W, Cheng Z, Busse C, Pham A, Nakamura MC, Lane NE. Glucocorticoid excess in mice results in early activation of osteoclastogenesis and adipogenesis and prolonged suppression of osteogenesis: A longitudinal study of gene expression in bone tissue from glucocorticoid- treated mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2008b; 58: 1674–86. [DOI:10.1002/art.23454]
177. Yokote Y, Kimura E, Kimura M, Kozono Y. Biomechanical analysis of combined treatment of high calcium and bisphosphonate in tibia of steroid-treated growing-phase rats. Dent Mater J 2008; 27: 647–53. [DOI:10.4012/dmj.27.647]
178. Yongtao Z, Kunzheng W, Jingjing Z, Hu S, Jianqiang K, Ruiyu L, et al. Glucocorticoids activate the local renin–angiotensin system in bone: possible mechanism for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endocrine 2014; 47: 598–608. [DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0196-z]
179. Young JM, Yoxall BE, Wagner BM. Corticosteroid induced dermal atrophy in the rat. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 69: 458-62. [DOI:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12511301]
180. Zhang G, Qin L, Sheng H, Wang XL, Wang YX, Yeung DKW, et al. A novel semisynthesized small molecule icaritin reduces incidence of steroid-associated osteonecrosis with inhibition of both thrombosis and lipid-deposition in a dose-dependent manner. Bone 2009; 44: 345-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.035]
181. Zheng LZ, Wang JL, Kong L, Huang L, Tian L, Pang QQ, et al. Steroid-associated osteonecrosis animal model in rats. J Orthop Transl 2018; 13: 13-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jot.2018.01.003]
182. Zode GS, Kuehn MH, Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Mohan K, Grozdanic SD, et al. Corrigendum: Reduction of ER stress via a chemical chaperone prevents disease phenotypes in a mouse model of primary open angle glaucoma. J Clin Invest 2014; 125: 3303. [DOI:10.1172/JCI82799]
183. Zode GS, Sharma AB, Lin X, Searby CC, Bugge K, Kim GH, et al. Ocular-specific ER stress reduction rescues glaucoma in murine glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 124: 1956-65. [DOI:10.1172/JCI69774]

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.