Volume 28, Issue 2 (July 2024)
Physiol Pharmacol 2024, 28(2): 99-116 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Davoudi F, Ramazani E. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Cinnamomum species and their bioactive compounds: An updated review of the molecular mechanisms. Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 28 (2) : 2
URL: http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-2249-en.html
URL: http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-2249-en.html
Abstract: (1590 Views)
Introduction: The genus Cinnamomum (cinnamon) is one of the well-known aromatic spices throughout the world with numerous medicinal applications. Several beneficial pharmacological properties of cinnamon have been evaluated, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, cardiovascular-disease-lowering, and neurological disorder-improving effects. This review critically evaluates studies regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species.
Methods: Using three online literature databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct), we identified studies describing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species. A literature search was carried out using a combination of keywords such as (“Cinnamomum,”) AND (“antioxidant” OR “anti-inflammatory”) or other related words. In this review, we evaluated new findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Cinnamomum species published from 2005 until December 2022. A total of 38 papers were selected to describe the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species.
Results: Cinnamon species possess antioxidant effects by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO levels, and depleting GSH, decreasing MPO activity, and enhancing the growth of SOD and CAT. Additionally, the suppression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity and the upregulation of bcl-2 expression determine the anti-apoptotic effects of cinnamon. Their anti-inflammatory effects are mainly related to the reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, iNOS, MCP-1, and COX-2, and the inhibition of NF-κB, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK activation.
Conclusion: This review highlighted the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus cinnamon and can provide a suitable basis for further pharmacologic surveys and efficient clinical research on cinnamon to obtain new evidence on its benefits for human health.
Article number: 2
Type of Manuscript: Review |
Subject:
Neurophysiology/Pharmacology
References
1. Anderson R A. Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity: plenary lecture. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2008; 67: 48-53. [DOI:10.1017/S0029665108006010]
2. Aneja K R, Joshi R, Sharma C. Antimicrobial activity of Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark) extracts on some dental caries pathogens. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009; 2: 1387-1390.
3. Aspland A M, Douagi I, Filby A, Jellison E R, Martinez L, Shinko D, et al. Biosafety during a pandemic: shared resource laboratories rise to the challenge. Cytometry Part A 2021; 99: 68-80. [DOI:10.1002/cyto.a.24280]
4. Atsamo A D, Lontsie Songmene A, Metchi Donfack M F, Ngouateu O B, Nguelefack TB, Dimo T. Aqueous Extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) Stem Bark Ameliorates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021; 2021: 1-12. [DOI:10.1155/2021/5543889]
5. Azab K S, Mostafa A-H A, Ali E M, Abdel-Aziz M A. Cinnamon extract ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced cellular injury in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2011; 74: 2324-2329. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.016]
6. Bendavit G, Aboulkassim T, Hilmi K, Shah S, Batist G. Nrf2 transcription factor can directly regulate mTOR: linking cytoprotective gene expression to a major metabolic regulator that generates redox activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2016; 291: 25476254-25476288. [DOI:10.1074/jbc.M116.760249]
7. Berlin D A, Gulick R M, Martinez F J. Severe covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 383: 2451-2460. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp2009575]
8. Borzoei A, Rafraf M, Niromanesh S, Farzadi L, Narimani F, Doostan F. Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2018; 8: 128-133. [DOI:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.008]
9. Chan K W, Khong N M H, Iqbal S, Ch’Ng SE, Younas U, Babji A S. Cinnamon bark deodorised aqueous extract as potential natural antioxidant in meat emulsion system: a comparative study with synthetic and natural food antioxidants. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 51: 3269-3276. [DOI:10.1007/s13197-012-0818-5]
10. Chen P, Ruan A, Zhou J, Huang L, Zhang X, Ma Y, et al. Cinnamic aldehyde inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced chondrocyte inflammation and reduces cartilage degeneration by blocking the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11: 1-9 . [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.00949]
11. Chen J, Tang C, Zhou Y, Zhang R, Ye S, Zhao Z, et al. Anti-inflammatory property of the essential oil from cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) presl leaves and the evaluation of its underlying mechanism by using metabolomics analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:1-13. [DOI:10.3390/molecules25204796]
12. Csikós E, Cseko K, Ashraf AR, Kemény Á, Kereskai L, Kocsis B, et al. Effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) rendle essential oils in the endotoxin-induced acute airway inflammation mouse model. Molecules 2020; 25: 3553-3566. [DOI:10.3390/molecules25153553]
13. Das J, Ghosh J, Manna P, Sil PC. Taurine protects acetaminophen-induced oxidative damage in mice kidney through APAP urinary excretion and CYP2E1 inactivation. Toxicology 2010; 269: 24-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2010.01.003]
14. Dassanayake M, Larsen K. A revised handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Nordic Journal of Botany. 1996; 16: 660. [DOI:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00284.x]
15. Davari M, Hashemi R, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, Sahranavard S, Bahreini S, et al. Effects of cinnamon supplementation on expression of systemic inflammation factors, NF-kB and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double blind, and controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Journal 2020; 19: 1-8. [DOI:10.1186/s12937-019-0518-3]
16. Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2014; 4: 177-186. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2013.00177]
17. Elshafie M M, Nawar I A, Algamal M A, Ahmad S M. Evaluation of the biological effects for adding cinnamon volatile oil and TBHQ as antioxidant on rats’ lipid profiles. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2012; 11: 100-108. [DOI:10.3923/ajps.2012.100.108]
18. El-ezz A, Maher A, Sallam N, El-Brairy A, Kenawy S. Trans-cinnamaldehyde modulates hippocampal Nrf2 factor and inhibits amyloid beta aggregation in LPS-induced neuroinflammation mouse model. Neurochemical Research 2018; 43: 2333-2342. [DOI:10.1007/s11064-018-2656-y]
19. Ervina M, Nawu Y, Esar S. Comparison of in vitro antioxidant activity of infusion, extract and fractions of Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) bark. International Food Research Journal 2016; 23: 1346-1350.
20. Flohé L, Brigelius-Flohé R, Saliou C, Traber MG, Packer L. Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1997; 22: 1115-1126. [DOI:10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00501-1]
21. Ghosh S, Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-κB puzzle. Cell 2002; 109: 81-96. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00703-1]
22. Gilgun-sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40: 959-975. [DOI:10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3]
23. Giuliani C, Bucci I, Napolitano G. The role of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappa B in thyroid autoimmunity and cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2018; 9: 471-478. [DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00471]
24. Gunawardena D, Karunaweera N, Lee S, Van Der Kooy F, Harman DG, Raju R, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon (C. zeylanicum and C. cassia) extracts - Identification of E-cinnamaldehyde and o-methoxy cinnamaldehyde as the most potent bioactive compounds. Food & Function 2015; 6: 910-919. [DOI:10.1039/C4FO00680A]
25. Gupta C, Garg A P, Prakash D, Goyal S, Gupta S. Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil on some oral microbiota. Acta Biomedica 2011; 82: 197-199.
26. Haidari F, Mohammadshahi M, Abiri B, Zarei M, Fathi M. Cinnamon extract supplementation improves inflammation and oxidative stress induced by acrylamide: An experimental animal study. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2020; 10: 243-252.
27. Han X, Parker T L. Antiinflammatory activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil in a human skin disease model. Phytotherapy Research 2017; 31: 1034-1038. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.5822]
28. Hao X, Sun W, Ke C, Wang F, Xue Y, Luo Z, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of leaf oil from Cinnamomum subavenium in vitro and in vivo. BioMed Research International 2019; 2019. [DOI:10.1155/2019/1823149]
29. Heneka M T, Golenbock D, Latz E, Morgan D, Brown R. Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 2020; 12: 1-3. [DOI:10.1186/s13195-020-00640-3]
30. Hong J-W, Yang G-E, Kim YB, Eom S H, Lew J-H, Kang H. Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon water extract in vivo and in vitro LPS-induced models. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2012; 12: 1-8. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6882-12-237]
31. Hsueh W A, Law R E. Cardiovascular risk continuum: implications of insulin resistance and diabetes. American Journal of Medicine 1998; 105: 4-14. [DOI:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00205-8]
32. Huang B, Yuan H D, Kim D Y, Quan H Y, Chung S H. Cinnamaldehyde prevents adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis via regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011; 59: 3666-3673. [DOI:10.1021/jf104814t]
33. Hussain Z, Khan J A, Arshad A, Asif P, Rashid H, Arshad M I. Protective effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. (Darchini) in acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mouse model. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2019; 109: 2285-2292. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.123]
34. Hussain S, Ashafaq M, Alshahrani S, Siddiqui R, Ahmed R A, Khuwaja G, et al. Cinnamon oil against acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicology Reports 2020; 7: 1296-1304. [DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.008]
35. Jayaprakasha G K, Jagan Mohan Rao L, Sakariah K K. Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003; 51: 4344-4348. [DOI:10.1021/jf034169i]
36. Jayaprakasha G K, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Ono H, Yoshida M, Rao L J. Phenolic constituents in the fruits of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006; 54: 1672-1679. [DOI:10.1021/jf052736r]
37. Jazet Dongmo PM, Tatsadjieu LN, Tchoumbougnang F, Sameza ML, Dongnio BN, Amvam Zollo PH, et al. Chemical composition, antiradical and antifungal activities of essential oil of the leaves of cinnamomum zeylanicum blume from Cameroon. Natural Product Communications 2007; 2: 1287-1290. [DOI:10.1177/1934578X0700201219]
38. Jindarat S, Muangnoi C, Changsiriporn D, Platong A, Thanamontra B, Chiewchanwit D, Vongvanvatana V, Rongrungsri N, Krittasilp K, Kaewkong N, Kantawan S. Efficacy and safety of cinnamon stomachic mixture for patients with functional dyspepsia. Siriraj Medical Journal 2006; 58: 1103-1106.
39. Kallel I, Hadrich B, Gargouri B, Chaabane A, Lassoued S, Gdoura R, et al. Optimization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) essential oil extraction: evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative effects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019; 2019. [DOI:10.1155/2019/6498347]
40. Kany S, Vollrath J T, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019; 20: 6008-39. [DOI:10.3390/ijms20236008]
41. Kim M S, Kim J Y. Cinnamon subcritical water extract attenuates intestinal inflammation and enhances intestinal tight junction in a Caco-2 and RAW264. 7 co-culture model. Food C Function 2019; 10: 4350-4360. [DOI:10.1039/C9FO00302A]
42. Lawrence T. The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway in inflammation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2009; 1: a001651. [DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a001651]
43. Lee S K, Hong C-H, Huh S-K, Kim S-S, Oh O-J, Min H-Y, et al. Suppressive effect of natural sesquiterpenoids on inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in mouse macrophage cells. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 2002; 21: 141-148. [DOI:10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v21.i2.70]
44. Lee H-S, Kim B-S, Kim M-K. Suppression effect of Cinnamomum cassia bark-derived component on nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50: 7700-7703. [DOI:10.1021/jf020751f]
45. Lee H J, Hyun E-A, Yoon W J, Kim B H, Rhee M H, Kang H K, et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Cinnamomum camphora extractsJournal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 103: 208-216. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.009]
46. Li W, Zhi W, Zhao J, Li W, Zang L, Liu F, et al. Cinnamaldehyde attenuates atherosclerosis: Via targeting the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway in high fat diet-induced ApoE-/- mice. Food & Function 2019; 10: 4001-4009. [DOI:10.1039/C9FO00396G]
47. Lin C-T, Chen C-J, Lin T-Y, Tung JC, Wang S-Y. Anti-inflammation activity of fruit essential oil from Cinnamomum insularimontanum Hayata. Bioresource Technology 2008; 99: 8783-8787. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.041]
48. Mahmoodnia L, Aghadavod E, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Ameliorative impact of cinnamon against high blood pressure; an updated review. Journal of Renal Injury Prevention 2017; 6: 171-176. [DOI:10.15171/jrip.2017.33]
49. Mathew S, Abraham T E. In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2006; 44: 198-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.013]
50. Miguel M G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: a short review. Molecules 2010; 15: 9252-9287. [DOI:10.3390/molecules15129252]
51. Mitrani R D, Dabas N, Goldberger J J. COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17: 1984-1990. [DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.026]
52. Noori S, Azmat M, Mahboob T. Study on antioxidant effects of cinnamon and garlic extract in liver, kidney and heart tissue of rat. Bioscience Research 2012; 9: 17-22.
53. Pelaia C, Tinello C, Vatrella A, De Sarro G, Pelaia G. Lung under attack by COVID-19-induced cytokine storm: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2020; 14: 1-9. [DOI:10.1177/1753466620933508]
54. Penckofer S, Schwertz D, Florczak K. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: the role of antioxidants and pro-oxidants. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2002; 16: 68-85. [DOI:10.1097/00005082-200201000-00007]
55. Peng X, Cheng K W, Ma J, Chen B, Ho C T, Lo C, et al. Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008; 56: 1907-1911. [DOI:10.1021/jf073065v]
56. Petrocelli G, Farabegoli F, Valerii M C, Giovannini C, Sardo A, Spisni E. Molecules present in plant essential oils for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer (Crc). Molecules 2021; 26: 1-12. [DOI:10.3390/molecules26040885]
57. Ping H, Zhang G, Ren G. Antidiabetic effects of cinnamon oil in diabetic KK-Ay mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48: 2344-2349. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.069]
58. Plata-Rueda A, Campos J M, da Silva Rolim G, Martínez L C, Dos Santos M H, Fernandes FL, et al. Terpenoid constituents of cinnamon and clove essential oils cause toxic effects and behavior repellency response on granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 156: 263-270. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.033]
59. Prakash B, Singh P, Yadav S, Singh S C, Dubey N K. Safety profile assessment and efficacy of chemically characterized Cinnamomum glaucescens essential oil against storage fungi, insect, aflatoxin secretion and as antioxidant. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013; 53: 160-167. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.044]
60. Ramazani E, YazdFazeli M, Emami S A, Mohtashami L, Javadi B, Asili J, et al. Protective effects of Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum cassia and cinnamaldehyde against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Molecular Biology Reports 2020; 47: 2437-2445. [DOI:10.1007/s11033-020-05284-y]
61. Ramazani E, Emami S A, Tayarani-Najaran N, Sahebkar A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Antiviral plants in view of avicenna’s the canon of medicine and modern medicine against common cold. Natural Products and Human Diseases: Pharmacology, Molecular Targets, and Therapeutic Benefits. 2021: 99-121. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_7]
62. Ranasinghe P, Pigera S, Premakumara G, Galappaththy P, Constantine GR, Katulanda P. Medicinal properties of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2013; 13: 1-10. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6882-13-275]
63. Roussel A-M, Hininger I, Benaraba R, Ziegenfuss T N, Anderson R A. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2009; 28: 16-21. [DOI:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719756]
64. Sahib A S. Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect of cinnamon in poorly controlled type-2 diabetic Iraqi patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology 2016; 5: 108-113. [DOI:10.5455/jice.20160217044511]
65. Salamatian M, Mohammadi V, Abtahi Froushani S M. Ameliorative effects of aqueous cinnamon extract on ulcerative colitis in rats. Physiology and Pharmacology 2019; 23: 140-149.
66. Schink A, Naumoska K, Kitanovski Z, Kampf C J, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Thines E, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and identification of active compounds influencing the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Food & Function 2018; 9: 5950-5964. [DOI:10.1039/C8FO01286E]
67. Seyed Ahmadi S G, Farahpour M R, Hamishehkar H. Topical application of Cinnamon verum essential oil accelerates infected wound healing process by increasing tissue antioxidant capacity and keratin biosynthesis. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2019; 35: 686-694. [DOI:10.1002/kjm2.12120]
68. Shalaby M A, Saifan H Y. Some pharmacological effects of cinnamon and ginger herbs in obese diabetic rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology 2014; 3: 144-149. [DOI:10.5455/jice.20140818050741]
69. Sharma P, Jha A B, Dubey R S, Pessarakli M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany 2012; 2012: 217037. [DOI:10.1155/2012/217037]
70. Somade O T, Ajayi B O, Adeyi O E, Aina B O, David B O, Sodiya I D. Activation of NF-kB mediates up-regulation of cerebellar and hypothalamic pro-inflammatory chemokines (RANTES and MCP-1) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in acute edible camphor administration. Scientific African 2019; 5: e00114. [DOI:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00114]
71. Taghizadeh M, Hamedifard Z, Jafarnejad S. Effect of garlic supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research 2019; 33: 243-252. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.6225]
72. Tanaka S, Yoon YH, Fukui H, Tabata M, Akira T, Okano K, et al. Antiulcerogenic compounds isolated from Chinese cinnamon Planta Medica 1989; 55: 245-248. [DOI:10.1055/s-2006-961994]
73. Taneja MK. Modified Bhramari Pranayama in Covid 19 Infection. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology 2020; 72: 395-397. [DOI:10.1007/s12070-020-01883-0]
74. Tulunay M, Aypak C, Yikilkan H, Gorpelioglu S. Herbal medicine use among patients with chronic diseases. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology 2015; 4: 217-220. [DOI:10.5455/jice.20150623090040]
75. Tung Y-T, Chua M-T, Wang S-Y, Chang S-T. Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresource Technology 2008; 99: 3908-3913. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.050]
76. Tuzcu Z, Orhan C, Sahin N, Juturu V, Sahin K. Cinnamon polyphenol extract inhibits hyperlipidemia and inflammation by modulation of transcription factors in high-fat diet-fed rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017; 2017. [DOI:10.1155/2017/1583098]
77. Udayaprakash N K, Ranjithkumar M, Deepa S, Sripriya N, Al-Arfaj AA, Bhuvaneswari S. Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and GC-MS composition of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume. Industrial Crops and Products 2015; 69: 175-179 . [DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.018]
78. Vallianou N, Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, Davoodvandi A, Jafarnejad S. Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) supplementation on serum C-reactive protein concentrations: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2019; 42: 271-278. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.005]
79. Vetal S, Bodhankar S L, Mohan V, Thakurdesai P A. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of type-A procyanidine polyphenols from bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in rats. Food Science and Human Wellness 2013; 2: 59-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.fshw.2013.03.003]
80. Wang S-Y, Chen P-F, Chang S-T. Antifungal activities of essential oils and their constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against wood decay fungi. Bioresource Technology 2005; 96: 813-818. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.07.010]
81. Wang F, Pu C, Zhou P, Wang P, Liang D, Wang Q, et al. Cinnamaldehyde prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose by activating Nrf2. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2015; 36: 315-324. [DOI:10.1159/000374074]
82. Weiss S R, Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2005; 69: 635-664. [DOI:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005]
83. Wondrak G T, Villeneuve N F, Lamore S D, Bause A S, Jiang T, Zhang D D. The cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells. Molecules 2010; 15: 3338-3355. [DOI:10.3390/molecules15053338]
84. Wong Y C, Ahmad-Mudzaqqir M Y, Wan-Nurdiyana W A. Extraction of essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Oriental Journal of Chemistry 2014; 30: 37-47. [DOI:10.13005/ojc/300105]
85. Woolbright B L, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Current Pharmacology Reports 2018; 4: 346-357. [DOI:10.1007/s40495-018-0147-0]
86. Wu C-T, Deng J-S, Huang W-C, Shieh P-C, Chung M-I, Huang G-J. Salvianolic acid C against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis through inhibition of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019; 2019. [DOI:10.1155/2019/9056845]
87. Yakhchali M, Taghipour Z, Mirabzadeh Ardakani M, Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Vazirian M, Sadrai S. Cinnamon and its possible impact on COVID-19: The viewpoint of traditional and conventional medicine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2021; 143: 112221-112231. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112221]
88. Youn H S, Lee J K, Choi Y J, Saitoh S I, Miyake K, Hwang D H, et al. Cinnamaldehyde suppresses toll-like receptor 4 activation mediated through the inhibition of receptor oligomerization. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2008; 75: 494-502. [DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.033]
89. Yu H-S, Lee S-Y, Jang C-G. Involvement of 5-HT1A and GABAA receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of Cinnamomum cassia in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2007; 87: 164-170. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.013]
90. Yu T, Lee S, Yang W S, Jang H-J, Lee Y J, Kim T W, et al. The ability of an ethanol extract of Cinnamomum cassia to inhibit Src and spleen tyrosine kinase activity contributes to its anti-inflammatory action. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2012; 139: 566-573. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.051]
91. Zhuang M, Jiang H, Suzuki Y, Li X, Xiao P, Tanaka T, et al. Procyanidins and butanol extract of Cinnamomi Cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection. Antiviral Research 2009; 82: 73-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.001]
92. Zu Y, Yu H, Liang L, Fu Y, Efferth T, Liu X, et al. Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules 2010; 15: 3200-3210. [DOI:10.3390/molecules15053200]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
