---

Single unit recording has been used as a well-known technique to study the electrical behavior of neurons. In this respect, the classical methods are rather expensive. In this study a simple and inexpensive method for single unit recording studies has been introduced. Computer sound card was used for data acquisition. Neural responses were saved via simple sound applicable packages and then analyzed for peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) extraction by home-made software. Analog to digital (AID) converter board and sound card simultaneously recorded neuronal activities in two brainstem nuclei (paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGi) and locus ceruleus (LC)). Then, PSTH of data were calculated online for AID captured data and offline for sound card captured data. The results showed that there were no significant differences between PSTH of PGi or LC neurons in two protocols. Therefore, sound cards can be used as well as AID boards for data acquisition in electrophysiological laboratories

---

Introduction: Learning and memory deficits in some diseases are new subjects of research. Bupropion, as dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor and an antidepressant agent, has been previously shown to affect learning and memory processes. This study was designed to test the effect of intra-hippocompal bupropion injection on active avoidance learning task in rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran, weighing 200-250 g) were tested for learning behavior in a two-way active avoidance shuttle-box. The animals were divided into control, sham operated, vehicle and 3 treatment groups treated with different doses of intra-hippocampal bupropion (0.25 mg/1 μL, 1.25 mg/5 μL and 2.5 mg/10 μL, injected during 1-2, 5 and 10 min, respectively). Drug was injected by a stereotaxic implanted guide cannulae. Briefly, 10 days after the stereotaxic surgery, rats were trained (20 trails, 2 times each day) in a twoway active avoidance task shuttle box. Sessions were started at the same time of the day and an interval of 5 hours was between the 2 sessions. Tests were repeated on 5 consecutive days. Rats received bupropion or vehicle 30 min before each test and the learning process was assessed. Results: Analysis of the data showed significant differences in the number of avoidance reactions in the early sessions of trials of the learning tasks between vehicle and bupropion treated animals (p<0.05). Conclusion: Bupropion can decrease the number of avoidance reactions and increase the reaction latency. Although bupropion is a dopamine reuptake blocker, but it is concluded that bupropion can bind to other receptors such as acetylcholine receptors and interfere with the learning and memory processes. Key words: Bupropion, Shuttle-box, Active avoidance learning, Hippocampus, Antidepressant

---

Introduction: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is used for the treatment of various cancers. In spite of its therapeutic importance, a wide range of adverse effects such as reproductive toxicity has been observed following the administration of this drug in human and experimental animals. In the current study, we have investigated the adverse effects of CP on morphology and histology of testis rats. Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. CP was used at a dose of 6.1 mg/kg/day, (i.p.) for 50 days. At the end of the treatment, the histological and biochemical changes in testis, as well as sperm count and motility were assessed. Results: Testicular weight, sperm count and motility as well as serum testosterone concentration were significantly decreased whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in CP group compared with those in the control and sham groups. In addition, histological studies of testis structure showed that seminiferous tubules of testis were severely damaged in the CP group. CP increased the number of sloughing tubules and interstitial space, while it decreased seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), seminiferous epithelial height (SE), tubule differentiation index (TDI) and spermiation index (SPI). Conclusion: The results suggest that cyclophosphamide affect fertility parameters and cause testis atrophy after chronic treatment.